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| 1 | |
All of the following are lesser elements in our bodies except |
| | A) | potassium. |
| | B) | sulfur. |
| | C) | nitrogen. |
| | D) | chlorine. |
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| 2 | |
The concept of matter being composed of atoms was first proposed about |
| | A) | 500 B.C. |
| | B) | 1492 A.D. |
| | C) | 1803 A.D. |
| | D) | 1913 A.D. |
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| 3 | |
The outermost electron shell or energy level contains a maximum of ___ electrons. |
| | A) | 2 |
| | B) | 8 |
| | C) | 18 |
| | D) | 32 |
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| 4 | |
Valence electrons |
| | A) | determine chemical bonding properties. |
| | B) | are electrons of the outermost shell. |
| | C) | have a maximum number of 8. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 5 | |
All isotopes of an element behave the same chemically. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 6 | |
If an atom with a neutral charge has an equal number of protons and electrons, why do some atoms like to lose or gain electrons? |
| | A) | to form an octet |
| | B) | to form a stable configuration of electrons |
| | C) | to fill the outer electron shell |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 7 | |
The transfer of electrons from one atom to another is called |
| | A) | ionization. |
| | B) | isotope formation. |
| | C) | dehydration synthesis. |
| | D) | hydrolysis. |
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| 8 | |
H-O-H is an example of a molecular formula. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 9 | |
If the atomic weight of hydrogen = 1 amu and that of oxygen = 16 amu, what is the molecular weight of water? |
| | A) | 16 |
| | B) | 17 |
| | C) | 18 |
| | D) | 32 |
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| 10 | |
What allows water molecules to dissociate ionic bonds and/or to form hydrogen bonds? |
| | A) | ionic bonds |
| | B) | polar covalent bonds |
| | C) | nonpolar covalent bonds |
| | D) | hydrogen bonds |
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| 11 | |
What type of bond is formed when shared electrons spend equal time around each nucleus? |
| | A) | ionic bond |
| | B) | polar covalent bond |
| | C) | nonpolar covalent bond |
| | D) | hydrogen bond |
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| 12 | |
The amount of an electrolyte that would neutralize one mole of H+ or OH- is always called |
| | A) | one mole. |
| | B) | one equivalent (Eq). |
| | C) | one molar. |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 13 | |
If the concentration of sodium and calcium ions is equal, why does calcium have twice the milliequivalents/liter? |
| | A) | because of the difference in valence electrons available for neutralization |
| | B) | because of the difference in number of molecules present |
| | C) | because of the difference in molecular weight |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 14 | |
What is the mEq/L of 2 mM Fe +3 electrolyte solution? |
| | A) | 2 mEq |
| | B) | 3 mEq |
| | C) | 5 mEq |
| | D) | 6 mEq |
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| 15 | |
A solution with a pH of 3 is ________ times as acidic as a pH 6 solution. |
| | A) | .5 |
| | B) | 3 |
| | C) | 100 |
| | D) | 1000 |
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| 16 | |
Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH are called |
| | A) | stabilizers. |
| | B) | neutralizers. |
| | C) | buffers. |
| | D) | emulsifiers. |
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| 17 | |
In the chemical equation:
AB --> A + B, what type of reaction is represented? |
| | A) | decomposition reaction |
| | B) | synthesis reaction |
| | C) | exchange reaction |
| | D) | reversible reaction |
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| 18 | |
The law of mass action is important in |
| | A) | decomposition reactions. |
| | B) | synthesis reactions. |
| | C) | exchange reactions. |
| | D) | reversible reactions. |
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| 19 | |
The law of mass action states that reversible reactions are (always) in a state of equilibrium. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 20 | |
For the reaction: CO2 + H2O «H2CO3« HCO3- + H+, what would result if an acid is added? |
| | A) | A shift to the left side of the equation, would occur producing more CO2 + H2O. |
| | B) | It would remain at equilibrium. |
| | C) | A shift to the right side of the equation would occur producing more HCO3-. |
| | D) | More H2CO3 would remain. |
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| 21 | |
Oxidation requires oxygen as the electron acceptor. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 22 | |
A reduction reaction is always accompanied by an oxidation reaction. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 23 | |
Which of the following is incorrect? |
| | A) | Isotopes have identical chemical behaviors. |
| | B) | Isotopes have different physical properties. |
| | C) | Krypton gas can enter buildings through cracks and well water. |
| | D) | Unstable isotopes decay and release radiation. |
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| 24 | |
Which of the forms of ionizing radiation from a source outside the body is the most dangerous? |
| | A) | alpha particle |
| | B) | beta particle |
| | C) | gamma ray |
| | D) | neutron particle |
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| 25 | |
Some radioisotopes have a physical half-life of over one billion years. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 26 | |
Hematopoetic syndrome, GI syndrome, and cerebral syndrome are all associated with |
| | A) | large doses of caffeine and all-night study binges. |
| | B) | acute radiation sickness. |
| | C) | median lethal dose of radiation. |
| | D) | dental x-rays. |
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| 27 | |
Radioisotopes have been used for |
| | A) | physiological research. |
| | B) | clinical diagnosis. |
| | C) | cancer treatments. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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| 28 | |
These negatively charged particles swarm around the atomic nucleus: |
| | A) | electrons |
| | B) | protons |
| | C) | neutrons |
| | D) | positrons |
| | E) | pi-masons |
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| 29 | |
An atom of chlorine has 17 electrons and 17 protons. If one electron is added to this atom, it then becomes |
| | A) | a proton |
| | B) | a cation |
| | C) | electrostatically neutral |
| | D) | an anion |
| | E) | a valence |
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| 30 | |
When the shared electrons of a molecular compound spend more time around one nucleus than another, this is called a (an): |
| | A) | ionic bonds |
| | B) | valence |
| | C) | molarity |
| | D) | non-polar bonds |
| | E) | polar bonds |
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| 31 | |
If we had a cup of black coffee (pH 5.0) and we increased the number of hydrogen ions ten times, what would the resulting pH of the coffee be? |
| | A) | 50.0 |
| | B) | 6.0 |
| | C) | 4.0 |
| | D) | 6.1 |
| | E) | 5.1 |
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| 32 | |
A one molar solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH--molecular weight 40) would contain one liter of water and how much sodium hydroxide? |
| | A) | 1 g |
| | B) | 180 g |
| | C) | 120 g |
| | D) | 40 g |
| | E) | 80 g |
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| 33 | |
Which of the following factors does not affect the rate of reaction? |
| | A) | catabolism |
| | B) | reactant concentration |
| | C) | heat energy |
| | D) | speed of molecules |
| | E) | catalysts |
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| 34 | |
Strontium 90 would be most likely to affect which of the following organ systems? |
| | A) | lungs |
| | B) | heart |
| | C) | bones |
| | D) | urinary |
| | E) | thyroid |
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| 35 | |
When a nicotinamide molecule picks up an extra electron, it becomes: |
| | A) | oxidized |
| | B) | reduced |
| | C) | entropized |
| | D) | radioactivated |
| | E) | acidified |
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| 36 | |
Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 37 | |
Fats are hydrophilic. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 38 | |
____________ is a component of hemoglobin and ___________ is a component of thyroid hormone. |
| | A) | Copper, iodine |
| | B) | Iodine, iron |
| | C) | Iron, iodine |
| | D) | Iodine, copper |
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| 39 | |
Which of the following is not a physiologically important gas found in the human body? |
| | A) | oxygen |
| | B) | CO2 |
| | C) | nitrous oxide, N2O |
| | D) | nitric oxide, NO |
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| 40 | |
Which element forms the backbone of organic chemistry? |
| | A) | nitrogen |
| | B) | carbon |
| | C) | hydrogen |
| | D) | sulfur |
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| 41 | |
Polymers are created by which of the following reactions? |
| | A) | acid-base reactions |
| | B) | dehydration synthesis |
| | C) | hydrolysis |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 42 | |
Which of the following is a disaccharide? |
| | A) | glucose |
| | B) | lactose |
| | C) | galactose |
| | D) | fructose |
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| 43 | |
Which of these carbohydrates is impossible for humans to digest? |
| | A) | cellulose |
| | B) | amylose |
| | C) | glycogen |
| | D) | galactose |
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| 44 | |
Which polysaccharide is produced by animals? |
| | A) | cellulose |
| | B) | amylose |
| | C) | glycogen |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 45 | |
Which of the following conjugated carbohydrates are attached to cell surfaces? |
| | A) | glycogen and amylose |
| | B) | glycolipids and glycoproteins |
| | C) | proteoglycans |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 46 | |
Which of the following is not a lipid? |
| | A) | eicosanoids |
| | B) | phospholipids |
| | C) | steroids |
| | D) | lipases |
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| 47 | |
What is a fatty acid saturated with? |
| | A) | carbon atoms |
| | B) | hydrogen atoms |
| | C) | oxygen atoms |
| | D) | nitrogen atoms |
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| 48 | |
What is the definition of an essential fatty acid? |
| | A) | a fatty acid important for energy reserves |
| | B) | a fatty acid synthesized by the human body |
| | C) | a fatty acid that must be obtained from the diet |
| | D) | a fatty acid containing cholesterol |
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| 49 | |
Which of the following is true about a triglyceride molecule? |
| | A) | It contains a glycerol molecule. |
| | B) | It contains three fatty acids. |
| | C) | It has a neutral pH. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 50 | |
What characteristic of phospholipids allows it to form a selective, semipermeable membrane? |
| | A) | hydrophilic |
| | B) | hydrophobic |
| | C) | amphiphilic |
| | D) | strobophilic |
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| 51 | |
What is the primary function of eicosanoids? |
| | A) | formation of cell membranes |
| | B) | chemical signaling between cells |
| | C) | nervous system functions |
| | D) | component of nucleus |
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| 52 | |
Cholesterol is an example of which type of lipid? |
| | A) | triglyceride |
| | B) | phospholipid |
| | C) | eicosanoid |
| | D) | steroid |
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| 53 | |
The difference between LDL and HDL is the ratio of lipid to protein in the lipoprotein complex. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 54 | |
In a protein molecule, the sequence of amino acids is known as the _________ of the molecule. |
| | A) | primary structure |
| | B) | secondary structure |
| | C) | tertiary structure |
| | D) | quaternary structure |
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| 55 | |
The interaction of hydrogen bonds with each other and the surrounding water causes the bending and folding of protein molecules into globular and fibrous shapes. This shape is known as the _________ structure of the protein molecule. |
| | A) | primary |
| | B) | secondary |
| | C) | tertiary |
| | D) | quaternary |
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| 56 | |
The formation of a protein molecule by the combining of two or more polypeptide chains determines the_____________ structure of the molecule. |
| | A) | primary |
| | B) | secondary |
| | C) | tertiary |
| | D) | quaternary |
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| 57 | |
The overall 3-dimensional shape of a macromolecule is called its |
| | A) | conformation. |
| | B) | conjugation. |
| | C) | concatenation. |
| | D) | coaxiality. |
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| 58 | |
The energy needed to start a reaction is called the |
| | A) | activation energy. |
| | B) | kinetic energy. |
| | C) | latent energy. |
| | D) | potential energy. |
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| 59 | |
An enzyme lowers the energy needed for a reaction but it is not specific for any substrate. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 60 | |
All enzymes are proteins that can be denatured by extremes of temperature or pH. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 61 | |
Enzyme reactions can be reverse-inhibited by |
| | A) | dissociation of cofactors from enzyme. |
| | B) | high product concentration. |
| | C) | both a and b. |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 62 | |
Which is most efficient in producing energy for cells? |
| | A) | glycolysis |
| | B) | anaerobic fermentation |
| | C) | aerobic respiration |
| | D) | nickel cadmium |
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| 63 | |
If two surfaces are wet (as in a pair of microscope slides), they will stick together. The property of water that allows this to happen is: |
| | A) | solvency |
| | B) | hydration sphere |
| | C) | heat capacity |
| | D) | polarity |
| | E) | cohesion |
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| 64 | |
The joining of two glucose molecules, with the subsequent removal of water to form maltose is an example of a/an __________ reaction. |
| | A) | moiety |
| | B) | monomerization |
| | C) | lipid |
| | D) | dehydration |
| | E) | hydrolysis |
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| 65 | |
Most lipids are hydrophobic but this type has a portion that is hydrophilic. This lipid type is called: |
| | A) | steroids |
| | B) | prostaglandins |
| | C) | phospholipids |
| | D) | triglycerides |
| | E) | glycogen |
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| 66 | |
The fatty acids within safflower oil generally have more than one double bond in the polymer. Thus, we call safflower oil: |
| | A) | saturated |
| | B) | amphiphilic |
| | C) | polyunsaturated |
| | D) | steroidal |
| | E) | monounsaturated |
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| 67 | |
Proteins are polymers of: |
| | A) | fatty acids |
| | B) | amino acids |
| | C) | monosaccharides |
| | D) | nitrogenous bases |
| | E) | nuclei acids |
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| 68 | |
When an enzyme attaches to its substrate, the enzyme's shape will change slightly to allow for more effective binding. This is called most specifically: |
| | A) | enzyme activity |
| | B) | induced fit |
| | C) | denaturation |
| | D) | activation energy |
| | E) | conjugation |
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| 69 | |
Which organism would be likely to have the lowest stomach enzyme optimum temperature? |
| | A) | crayfish from Ohio |
| | B) | human from Alaska |
| | C) | lizard from the desert |
| | D) | butterfly from the tropical forest |
| | E) | fish from a Montana mountain stream |
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| 70 | |
Organic molecules that some enzymes must have in order to do their work are called: |
| | A) | coenzymes |
| | B) | cofactors |
| | C) | substrates |
| | D) | quaternary |
| | E) | globular |
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| 71 | |
Most ATP is made during: |
| | A) | aerobic respiration |
| | B) | anaerobic respiration |
| | C) | glycolysis |
| | D) | allosteric inhibition |
| | E) | anabolism |
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| 72 | |
ATP is made up of: |
| | A) | adenosine, glucose, 3 phosphates |
| | B) | alicin, glucose, 2 phosphates |
| | C) | adenosine, ribose, 2 phosphates |
| | D) | adenosine, ribose, 3 phosphates |
| | E) | alicin, glucose, 3 phosphates |
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