Fill in the Blanks


1		The cardiac control centers are located in the (2 words) region of the brain stem.


2		The imposed on the ventricle after contraction has begun refers to the total peripheral resistance that impedes the ejection of blood from the ventricle.


3		The (hyphenated word) law of the heart states that the strength of ventricular contraction varies directly with the end-diastolic volume.


4		An drug that increases the heart's contraction strength, or contractility, is called a positive agent.


5		Approximately two-thirds of the total blood volume is located in the at any one time.


6		The majority of the total body water is located the cells.


7		The osmotic pressure exerted by the presence of protein molecules in the plasma is referred to as the osmotic pressure.


8		Since 85% of the capillary filtrate is returned directly to the capillaries, the remaining 15% is returned to the vascular system in the form of .


9		The excessive accumulation of tissue fluid is known as and may be produced by excessive concentrations of in the interstitial fluid.


10		Osmoreceptors in the brain that detect changes in plasma osmolality are located in the .


11		The steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, that stimulates the reabsorption of salt by the kidneys is .


12		The secretion of renin from the kidneys, followed by the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, and later, to angiotensin II would ultimately cause the blood pressure to .


13		The polypeptide hormone secreted by the atria that increases excretion Na⁺ in the urine, is called (3 words).


14		Vasodilation of blood vessels decreases the resistance of the vessels and causes the rate of blood flow to ; whereas vasoconstriction increases the resistance and the rate of blood flow.


15		Poiseuille's law relates vessel length, blood viscosity, and the radius of the vessel to the overall of blood in a blood vessel.


16		The sum of all the vascular resistances within the systemic circulation is called the (3 words).


17		During a defensive "fight-or-flight" response, the sympathetic nervous system activates alpha-adrenergic receptors throughout the body causing overall blood vessel ; and activates cholinergic receptors in skeletal muscle causing blood vessels here to .


18		The major action of the paracrine regulatory molecule, nitric oxide, secreted by endothelial cells is to diffuse into the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels and produce .


19		The ability of some organs, the brain and kidneys in particular, utilize intrinsic, or "built-in," mechanisms to maintain relatively constant flow rates despite wide fluctuations in blood pressure, is called .


20		The muscle protein is related to hemoglobin and stores oxygen during diastole so that oxygen will be available to the myocardial cells during .


21		Part of the physical examination of patients with suspect coronary artery disease is to insert a plastic catheter into the brachial or femoral artery and feed it all the way to the openings of the coronary arteries. Injecting radiographic contrast material will result in a visual picture called an .


22		Endurance training often results in a of the resting cardiac rate and an in the resting stroke volume.


23		Unlike the coronary and skeletal muscle blood flow which is controlled by extrinsic mechanisms, cerebral blood flow is controlled mainly by mechanisms.


24		The intrinsic regulation of blood flow is accomplished by and mechanisms.


25		In the process of temperature regulation (thermoregulation), the skin employs unique vessels known as arteriovenous , found predominantly in the fingertips, palms of the hands, toes, soles of the feet, ears, nose, and lips to shunt (divert) blood directly from arterioles to deep venules, thus bypassing superficial capillary loops and controlling heat loss from the skin.


26		Inhibiting the actions of , a polypeptide secreted by sweat glands during hot weather will prevent the normal to increase blood flow to the skin.


27		The mean arterial blood pressure is proportional to the the product of (2 words) and (3 words).


28		The cardiovascular stretch receptors located in the aortic arch and in the carotid sinuses to monitor blood pressure changes are known as .


29		The dangerous practice of prolonged breath holding against a closed glottis, such as during forceful defecation or when lifting heavy objects, is called maneuver; leads to a decrease in venous return and cardiac output.


30		Activation of the atrial stretch receptors by increased venous return should prompt a reflex in the secretion of ADH, and a in the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)--lowering blood volume by increasing urinary salt and water excretion and antagonizing the actions of angiotensin II.


31		The normal flow of blood in which the central axial stream moves the fastest and blood flowing closer to the artery wall moves more slowly, is silent and is called flow.


32		When an artery is constricted partially, the flow of blood is causing vibrations in the wall of the artery that are heard as the sounds of .


33		During blood pressure measurement, the first sounds of Korotkoff are heard when the arterial blood pressure is at its highest pressure, which is recorded as the pressure.


34		Pulse pressure is equal to the difference between the pressure and the pressure.


35		Hypertension that accounts for only about 5% of those with hypertension, is the result of known disease processes and is called hypertension.


36		is a condition of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure together with proteinuria.


37		The well-known drug that is often used to treat people with congestive heart failure is --whose action is to bind to and inhibit the Na⁺/K⁺ pumps in the cardiac fiber membranes, causing a rise in the intracellular concentrations of both Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ .


38		The rapid fall in blood pressure that occurs as a result of a severe allergic reaction (usually to bee stings or penicillin) is due to the widespread release of histamine that produces vasodilation is and is called shock.

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