 |
1 | |
Certain pathogens that enter the body are engulfed in a general or nonspecific way by immune defense cells, a process known as . |
|
|
2 | |
Monocytes in the blood that are activated by antigens become larger, more aggressive immune cells called , that often attack antigens in the connective tissues. |
|
|
3 | |
In the process of , neutrophils and monocytes are able to squeeze through tiny gaps in the capillary wall and engulf particles in a manner similar to the way an eats. |
|
|
4 | |
The vacuole formed by endocytosis in a phagocytic cell then fuses with a to complete the digestion of the engulfed particles. |
|
|
5 | |
The are the cells that secrete endogenous pyrogen molecules that can travel to the "thermostat" in the hypothalamus and reset the body temperature upward, resulting in a . |
|
|
6 | |
The term "specific immunity" refers to the immune defense against antigens by cells that manufacture specific molecules that combine with the antigens to remove the antigens from the body. |
|
|
7 | |
are many small organic molecules that are not antigenic in and of themselves but can become antigens if they bind to proteins, and thus become antigenic. |
|
|
8 | |
The letter "T" in T lymphocytes refers to the thymus gland, whereas the letter "B" in B lymphocytes refers to the word , based on an organ in chickens or the word based on the organ in mammals where such lymphocytes appear to be processed. |
|
|
9 | |
B lymphocytes provide antibody-mediated immunity or immunity because they are found in the blood and lymph which are body fluids. |
|
|
10 | |
Activated B lymphocytes divide many times forming and cells which are protein factories that furiously produce antibody proteins for about a week and then die. |
|
|
11 | |
Antibody proteins that are often identified by a technique called electrophoresis are also known as . |
|
|
12 | |
The five immunoglobulin subclasses are: IgG, Ig , IgM, IgD and IgE. |
|
|
13 | |
The eleven, normally inactive serum proteins that become active and provide nonspecific defense against antigens by recognizing, attacking, and destroying invading cells, are known as proteins. |
|
|
14 | |
As the amount of histamine in the blood increases, blood vessels in the area would and the permeability of the capillaries would . |
|
|
15 | |
In a local inflammation, the accumulation of dead leukocytes forms a whitish material, called . |
|
|
16 | |
Bacteria or viruses that have been treated to reduce the virulence of the bacteria before inoculation are known as , since the nature of their antigens has not changed. |
|
|
17 | |
When a person is exposed to a particular pathogen for the first time, there is a latent period of 5 to 10 days before measurable amounts of specific antibodies appear in the blood--this is known as the response to the pathogen. |
|
|
18 | |
To help explain secondary immune responses, the selection theory proposes that B lymphocytes inherit the ability to produce particular antibodies with each B lymphocyte capable of producing only one type of antibody specific for one . |
|
|
19 | |
The clinical immunization programs that induce primary immune responses by inoculating people with pathogens whose virulence has been attenuated or destroyed, or by using closely related strains of microorganisms that are antigenically similar but less pathogenic, are called . |
|
|
20 | |
The Salk vaccine and the oral Sabin vaccine were both designed to immunize people against the virus. |
|
|
21 | |
The transfer of antibodies to a recipient from another person or from an animal provides immunity. |
|
|
22 | |
The antibodies that can cross the placenta of the mother and enter the fetal circulation is , while additional antibodies of the subclass can be transferred in the mother's colostrum. |
|
|
23 | |
In the making of monoclonal antibodies, the fusion of a B lymphocyte with a cancerous cell produces a hybrid that undergoes cell division and produces a clone, called a . |
|
|
24 | |
The gland processes lymphocytes from the marrow, converting them into T lymphocytes to participate in cell-mediated immunity. |
|
|
25 | |
There are three subpopulations of T lymphocytes: , , and T lymphocytes. |
|
|
26 | |
Interleukins, macrophage colony-stimulating factors, B-cell differentiating factors, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors, are all chemicals known as secreted by various immune system cells. |
|
|
27 | |
The antigens are proteins that are coded by a group of genes located on chromosome number , labeled A, B, C, and D; and are important in tissue typing for organ transplants. |
|
|
28 | |
The class-2 major histocompatibility molecules are produced by two antigen-presenting cells and (2 words), and by B lymphocytes. |
|
|
29 | |
T lymphocytes secrete interleukin-2 that stimulates macrophages to secrete , a cytokine which is particularly effective in killing cancer cells. |
|
|
30 | |
Immunological occurs during the first month or so of postnatal life, during which the ability to produce antibodies against foreign, nonself antigens while not producing antibodies against self-antigens, is established. |
|
|
31 | |
According to the (2 words) theory, immunological tolerance is achieved by destruction of the lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens. |
|
|
32 | |
The study of tumors is called . |
|
|
33 | |
Malignant tumors grow rapidly and undergo , a term that refers to the dispersion of tumor cells and the resultant seeding of new tumors in different locations. |
|
|
34 | |
Genetically engineered bacteria have made large amounts of human , the immune system molecules used with success in the clinical treatment of certain forms of cancer, such aslymphomas, renal carcinoma, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and breast cancer. |
|
|
35 | |
It is known that the risk of cancer increases with and with increased levels of corticosteroid hormones in people who are subject to high levels of . |
|
|
36 | |
diseases are those produced by failure of the immune system to recognize and tolerate self-antigens. |
|
|
37 | |
Viral hepatitis, periarteritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), are examples of immune diseases that result from the binding of antibody molecules with antigen molecules that are freely floating in the plasma, rather than those attached to bacteria or presented by other cells. |
|
|
38 | |
There are two major forms of allergy: and hypersensitivity. |
|
|
39 | |
In delayed hypersensitivity, symptoms take hours to days to develop partly because the response is cell-mediated, meaning that the immune system lymphocytes are involved and are secreting chemicals such as lymphokines. |
|
|
40 | |
There are three major categories of interferons: , ,and interferons. |
|
.