Concepts | Questions | Media Resources |
2.1 Chemical Elements
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- Matter is composed of 92 naturally occurring elements, each composed of atoms.
- Atoms have subatomic particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons.
- Atoms of the same type that differ by the number of neutrons are called isotopes.
- Atoms are characterized by the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus and the number of electrons in shells about the nucleus.
| - What six elements make up 98% of an organism's body weight?
Answer - Briefly describe an atom (what are its components and how are they arranged?).
Answer - What determines the manner in which atoms react with one another?
Answer
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Summaries of major points:- Matter
- Atomic structure
- Energy levels
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Animation quizzes
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2.2 Elements and Compounds
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- Atoms react with one another by giving up, gaining, or sharing electrons.
- Bonding between atoms results in molecules with distinctive chemical properties and shapes.
- The biological role of a molecule is determined, in part, by its shape.
| - What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
Answer - Why is water considered to be a polar molecule?
Answer - What causes a hydrogen bond and how strong is this bond compared to covalent or ionic bonds?
Answer
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Summaries of major points:- Molecules
- Ionic bonding
- Covalent bonding
- Nonpolar and polar covalent bonds
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2.3 Chemistry of Water
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- The existence of living things is dependent on the chemical and physical characteristics of water.
- Living things are sensitive to the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] of solutions, which can be indicated using the pH scale.
| - Why is it important to life that water is capable of absorbing and storing heat?
Answer - What does it mean that water is cohesive and adhesive and how are these properties important to life?
Answer - _____________ molecules dissociate in water and release hydrogen (H+) ions, while ____________ molecules dissociate in water and release hydroxide (OH-) ions.
Answer - A solution with a pH of 9 is __________ times (more or less) basic than a solution of 6.
Answer - What is the function of buffers in living systems?
Answer
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Summaries of major points:- First cells evolved in water
- Properties of water
- Acids and bases
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Study guide
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