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37.1 Gas exchange surfaces
  • Respiration comprises breathing, external and internal respiration, and cellular respiration.
  • Most animals have a special, localized gas-exchange area such as the gills in aquatic animals and lungs in terrestrial animals.
  • Amphibians use positive pressure, but other vertebrates use negative pressure, to ventilate the lungs.
  • Birds have a complete ventilation system in that there is a one-way flow of air over the gas-exchange area.
  1. List and explain the three steps of respiration in terrestrial vertebrates.
    Answer
  2. What is the mechanism of gas exchange between cells of the body?
    Answer
  3. What is cellular respiration?
    Answer
  4. The gas exchange surfaces of bony fish are ______________, outward extensions of the ______________.
    Answer
  5. What is countercurrent flow and how does it maximize the amount of gas exchange on the gill surface?
    Answer
  6. What is a major disadvantage for respiration in land animals?
    Answer
  7. What is the difference between complete and incomplete ventilation and which vertebrates use each method?
    Answer
 Essential Study Partner Summaries of major points
  1. Respiration results in....
  2. Diffusion accompanies gas exchange
  3. Water environments
  4. Land environments
37.2 Human respiratory system
  • There is a continuous pathway for air from the nose (or mouth) to the lungs in humans.
  • The breathing rate is regulated and increases when there is a greater demand of exchange of gases in the lungs.
  • The respiratory pigment hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and aids the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
  1. What are the structures within the lungs where gas exchange with the blood occurs?
    Answer
  2. What is the function of the nasal cavities?
    Answer
  3. What is the function of the diaphragm in breathing?
    Answer
  4. Does the body use oxygen or carbon dioxide concentrations to regulate breathing rates?
    Answer
  5. In what forms are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
    Answer
 Essential Study Partner Summaries of major points
  1. Structure
  2. Breathing
  3. Gas exchange and transport
  4. Transport of O2 and CO2
Labeling Exercises Animations Animation Quizzes
37.3 Respiration and health
  • The respiratory tract is especially subject to infections. Cigarette smoking contributes to two major lung disorders - emphysema and cancer.
  1. What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?
    Answer
  2. What is the greatest problem in treating new strains of tuberculosis?
    Answer
  3. What are the leading causes of pulmonary fibrosis?
    Answer
  4. Why are more women affected by lung cancer now than in the past?
    Answer
 Essential Study Partner Summaries of major points
  1. Upper respiratory tract infections
  2. Lower respiratory tract infections
  3. Pulmonary disorders
Labeling Exercises Animations Animation Quizzes





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