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Chapter Objectives
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After studying Chapter 2, you should be able to

describe and provide examples of the four sources of data collected by personality psychologists: Self-report data (S-data), Observer-reports data (O-Data), Test-data (T-data), and Life-outcome data (L-data);

identify the strengths and weaknesses of each source of personality data;

discuss how each source of data can provide information not provided by the other sources of data;

discuss the problems of selecting observers and of naturalistic versus artificial observations for O-data;

discuss the strengths and weaknesses of mechanical recording devices and physiological recording devices, and provide examples of each type of device for T-data;

discuss and provide examples of projective techniques, including identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these sources of data for T-data;

discuss the conditions under which one might expect links among different sources of data, and how the presence or absence of these links can be interpreted;

define reliability, including a discussion of test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency reliability;

define validity, including a discussion of face validity, predictive or criterion validity, convergent validity, discriminative validity, and construct validity;

define and discuss generalizability, including a discussion of the different "contexts" to which a measure might be generalizable;

describe and provide examples of the three types of research methods used by personality psychologists: experimental methods, correlational designs, and case studies.

identify the strengths and weaknesses of each type of research method;

identify and discuss when it might be appropriate to use one of the three research methods instead of the others; and

discuss how each type of research method can provide information not provided by the other research methods.







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