| algorithms | Strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem. p. 357
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| artificial intelligence (AI) | The science of creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people. p. 352
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| availability heuristic | A prediction about the probability of an event based on the frequency of the event's past occurrences. p. 367
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| basic skills-and-phonetics approach | Stresses that reading instruction should emphasize the basic rules for translating written patterns into sounds. p. 380
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| belief perseverance | The tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence. p. 366
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| classical model | States that all instances of a concept share defining properties. p. 355
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| cognition | The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing. p. 351
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| concepts | Mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics. p. 355
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| confirmation bias | The tendency to search for and use information that supports, rather than refutes, our ideas. p. 365
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| decision making | Involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them p. 365
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| deductive reasoning | Reasoning from the general to the specific. p. 364
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| fixation | Involves using a prior problem-solving strategy and failing to look at a problem from a new perspective. p. 358
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| functional fixedness | A type of fixation in which individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on a thing's usual functions. p. 358
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| heuristics | Strategies or guidelines that suggest, but do not guarantee, a solution to a problem. p. 358
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| hindsight bias | The tendency to falsely report, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an event. p. 36
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| inductive reasoning | Reasoning from the specific to the general. p. 363
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| infinite generativity | The ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a finite set of words and rules. p. 363
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| language | A form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols. p. 368
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| mental set | A type of fixation in which an individual tries to solve a problem in a particular way that has worked in the past. p. 359
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| morphology | A language's rules for word formation. p. 368
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| overconfidence bias | The tendency to have more confidence in judgments and decisions than we should based on probability or past occurrence. p. 366
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| phonology | A language's sound system. p. 368
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| problem solving | An attempt to find an appropriate way of attaining a goal when the goal is not readily available. p. 356
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| prototype model | People decide whether an item reflects a concept by comparing it with the most typical item(s) of that concept that they know about. p. 355
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| reasoning | The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions. p. 000
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| representativeness heuristic | Making faulty decisions based on how well something matches a prototype--the common or representative example--rather than on its relevance to the particular situation. p. 367
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| semantics | The meaning of words and sentences in a particular language. p. 368
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| subgoaling | Involves setting intermediate goals or defining intermediate problems that put you in a better position to reach the final goal or solution. p. 357
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| syntax | A language's rules for the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences. p. 368
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| thinking | Manipulating information, as when we form concepts, solve problems, think critically, reason, and make decisions. p. 353
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| whole-language approach | Stresses that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning; so reading materials should be whole and meaningful. p. 380
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