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Medical Terminology Glossary A-F
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Glossary Terms A-F (2332.0K)


10 x lens  A magnifying lens in the ocular of a microscope that magnifies an image ten times.
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24-hour urine specimen  A urine specimen collected over a 24-hour period and used to complete a quantitative and qualitative analysis of one or more substances, such as sodium, chloride, and calcium.
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abandonment  A situation in which a health-care professional stops caring for a patient without arranging for care by an equally qualified substitute.
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ABA number  A fraction appearing in the upper right corner of all printed checks that identifies the geographic area and specific bank on which the check is drawn.
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abduction  Movement away from the body.
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abscess  A collection of pus (white blood cells, bacteria, and dead skin cells) that forms as a result of infection.
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absorption  The process by which one substance is absorbed, or taken in and incorporated, into another,as when the body converts food or drugs into a form it can use.
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access  The way patients enter and exit a medical office
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accessibility  The ease with which people can move into and out of a space.
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accounts payable  Money owed by a business; the practice's expenses.
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accounts receivable  Income or money owed to a business.
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accreditation  The documentation of official authorization or approval of a program.
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acetylcholine  A neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nerves onto organs and glands for resting and digesting.
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acetylcholinesterase  An enzyme within the nervous system that hydrolyzes acetylcholine to acetate and choline.
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acid-fast stain  A staining procedure for identifying bacteria that have a waxy cell wall.
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acids  Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water.
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acinar cells  Cells in the pancreas that produce pancreatic juice.
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)  The most advanced stage of HIV infection; it severely weakens the body's immune system.
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acromegaly  A disorder in which too much growth hormone is produced in adults.
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acrosome  An enzymefilled sac covering the head of a sperm that aids in the penetration of the egg during fertilization.
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action potential  The flow of electrical current along the axon membrane.
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active file  A file used on a consistent basis.
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active listening  Part of two-way communication, such as offering feedback or asking questions; contrast with passive listening.
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active transport  The movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
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acupuncturist  A practitioner of acupuncture. The acupuncturist uses hollow needles inserted into the patient's skin to treat pain, discomfort, or systemic imbalances.
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acute  Having a rapid onset and progress, as acute appendicitis.
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addiction  A physical or psychological dependence on a substance, usually involving a pattern of behavior that includes obsessive or compulsive preoccupation with the substance and the security of its supply, as well as a high rate of relapse after withdrawal.
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add-on code  A code indicating procedures that are usually carried out in addition to another procedure. Add-on codes are used together with the primary code.
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adduction  Movement toward the body.
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adenoids  See pharyngeal tonsils.
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administer  To give a drug directly by injection, by mouth, or by any other route that introduces the drug into the body.
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adrenocorticotropic hormone  Hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones.
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advance scheduling  Booking an appointment several weeks or even months in advance.
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aerobes  Bacteria that grow best in the presence of oxygen.
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aerobic respiration  A process that requires large amounts of oxygen and uses glucose to make ATP.
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afebrile  Having a body temperature within one's normal range.
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afferent arterioles  Structures that deliver blood to the glomeruli of the kidneys.
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affiliation agreement  An agreement that externship participants must sign that states the expectations of the facility and the expectations of the student.
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agar  A gelatinlike substance derived from seaweed that gives a culture medium its semisolid consistency.
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age analysis  The process of clarifying and reviewing past due accounts by age from the first date of billing.
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agenda  The list of topics discussed or presented at a meeting, in order of presentation.
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agent   (legal) A person who acts on a physician's behalf while performing professional tasks; (clinical) an active principle or entity that produces a certain effect, for example, an infectious agent.
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agglutination  The clumping of red blood cells following a blood transfusion.
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aggressive  Imposing one's position on others or trying to manipulate them.
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agranular leukocyte  A type of leukocyte (white blood cell) with a solid nucleus and clear cytoplasm; includes lymphocytes and monocytes.
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agranulocyte  See agranular leukocyte.
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albumins  The smallest of the plasma proteins. Albumins are important for pulling water into the bloodstream to help maintain blood pressure.
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aldosterone  A hormone produced in the adrenal glands that acts on the kidney. It causes the body to retain sodium and excrete potassium. Its role is to maintain blood volume and pressure.
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alimentary canal  The organs of the digestive system that extend from the mouth to the anus.
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allele  Any one of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome.
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allergen  An antigen that induces an allergic reaction.
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allergist  A specialist who diagnoses and treats physical reactions to substances including mold, dust, fur, pollen, foods, drugs, and chemicals.
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allowed charge  The amount that is the most the payer will pay any provider for each procedure or service.
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alopecia  The clinical term for baldness.
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alphabetic filing system  A filing system in which the files are arranged in alphabetic order, with the patient's last name first, followed by the first name and middle initial.
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Alphabetic Index  One of two ways diagnoses are listed in the ICD-9-CM. They appear in alphabetic order with their corresponding diagnosis codes.
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alveolar glands  Glands that make milk under the influence of the hormone prolactin.
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alveoli  Clusters of air sacs in which the exchange of gases between air and blood takes place; located in the lungs.
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American Association of Medical Assistants  The professional organization that certifies medical assistants and works to maintain professional standards in the medical assisting profession.
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Americans With Disabilities Act  A U.S. civil rights act forbidding discrimination against people because of a physical or mental handicap.
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amblyopia  Poorvision in one eye without a detectable cause.
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amino acids  Natural organic compounds found in plant and animal foods and used by the body to create protein.
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amnion  The innermost membrane enveloping the embryo and containing amniotic fluid.
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anabolism  The stage of metabolism in which substances such as nutrients are changed into more complex substances and used to build body tissues.
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anaerobe  A bacterium that grows best in the absence of oxygen.
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anal canal  The last few centimeters of the rectum. (31)
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anaphylaxis  A severe allergic reaction with symptoms that include respiratory distress, difficulty in swallowing, pallor, and a drastic drop in blood pressure that can lead to circulatory collapse. (29)
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anatomical position  When the body is standing upright and facing forward with the arms at the side and the palms of the hands facing forward.
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anatomy  The scientific term for the study of body structure.
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anemia  A condition characterized by low red blood cell count. This condition decreases the ability to transport oxygen throughout the body.
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anergic reaction  A lack of response to skin testing that indicates the body's inability to mount a normal response to invasion by a pathogen.
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anesthesia  A loss of sensation, particularly the feeling of pain.
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anesthetic  A medication that causes anesthesia.
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anesthetist  A specialist who uses medications to cause patients to lose sensation or feeling during surgery.
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aneurysm  A serious and potentially life-threatening bulge in the wall of a blood vessel.
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angiography  An x-ray examination of a blood vessel, performed after the injection of a contrast medium, that evaluates the function and structure of one or more arteries or veins.
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angiotensin II  A hormone that raises blood pressure and causes the secretion of another hormone called aldosterone.
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annotate  To underline or highlight key points of a document or to write reminders, make comments, and suggest actions in the margins.
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anorexia nervosa  An eating disorder in which people starve themselves because they fear that if they lose control of eating they will become grossly overweight.
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antagonist  A muscle that produces the opposite movement of the prime mover.
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antecubital space  The inner side or bend of the elbow;the site at which the brachial artery is felt or heard when a pulse or blood pressure is taken.
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anterior  Anatomical term meaning toward the front of the body;also called ventral.
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antibodies  Highly specific proteins that attach themselves to foreign substances in an initial step in destroying such substances, as part of the body's defenses.
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antidiuretic hormone  A hormone that increases water reabsorption, which decreases urine production and helps to maintain blood pressure.
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antigen  A foreign substance that stimulates white blood cells to create antibodies when it enters the body.
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antihistamines  Medications used to treat allergies.
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antimicrobial  An agent that kills microorganisms or suppresses their growth.
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antioxidants  Chemical agents that fight cell-destroying chemical substances called free radicals.
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antiseptic  A cleaning product used on human tissue as an anti-infection agent.
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anuria  The absence of urine production.
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aortic valve  Heart valve that is a semilunar valve and that is situated between the left ventricle and the aorta.
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apex  The left lower corner of the heart, where the strongest heart sounds can be heard.
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apical  Located at the apex of the heart.
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apocrine gland  A type of sweat gland. It produces a thicker type of sweat than other sweat glands and contains more proteins.
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aponeurosis  A tough, sheet-like structure that is made of fibrous connective tissue. It typically attaches muscles to other muscles.
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appendicitis  Inflammation of the appendix.
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appendicular  The division of the skeletal system that consists of the bones of the arms, legs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle.
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approximation  The process of bringing the edges of a wound together, so the tissue surfaces are close, to protect the area from further contamination and to minimize scar and scab formation.
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aqueous humor  A liquid produced by the eye's ciliary body that fills the space between the cornea and the lens.
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arbitration  A process in which opposing sides choose a person or persons outside the court system,often someone with special knowledge in the field, to hear and decide a dispute.
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areflexia  The absence of reflexes.
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areola  The pigmented area that surrounds the nipple.
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arrector pili  Muscles attached to most hair follicles and found in the dermis.
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arrhythmia  Irregularity in heart rhythm.
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arterial blood gases  A test that measures the amount of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, dissolved in arterial blood.
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arthrography  A radiologic procedure performed by a radiologist, who uses a contrast medium and fluoroscopy to help diagnose abnormalities or injuries in the cartilage, tendons, or ligaments of the joints—usually the knee or shoulder.
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arthroscopy  A procedure in which an orthopedist examines a joint, usually the knee or shoulder, with a tubular instrument called an arthroscope; also used to guide surgical procedures.
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articular cartilage  The cartilage that covers the epiphysis of long bones.
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artifact  Any irrelevant object or mark observed when examining specimens or graphic records that is not related to the object being examined; for example, a foreign object visible through a microscope or an erroneous mark on an ECG strip.
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ascending colon  The segment of the large intestine that runs up the right side of the abdominal cavity.
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ascending tracts  The tracts of the spinal cord that carry sensory information to the brain.
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asepsis  The condition in which pathogens are absent or controlled.
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assault  The open threat of bodily harm to another.
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assertive  Being firm and standing up for oneself while showing respect for others.
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asset  An item owned by the practice that has a dollar value, such as the medical practice building, office,equipment, or accounts receivable.
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assignment of benefits  An authorization for an insurance carrier to pay a physician or practice directly.
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astigmatism  A condition in which the cornea has an abnormal shape, which causes blurred images during near or distant vision.
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atherosclerosis  The accumulation of fatty deposits along the inner walls of arteries.
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atlas  The first cervical vertebra.
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atoms  The simplest units of all matter.
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atria  Singular: atrium Chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins and circulate it to the ventricles.
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atrial natriuretic peptide  A hormone secreted by the heart that regulates blood pressure.
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atrioventricular bundle  A structure that is located between the ventricles of the heart and that sends the electrical impulse to the Purkinje fibers.
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atrioventricular node  A node that is located between the atria of the heart. After the electrical impulse reaches the atrioventricular node, the atria contract and the impulse is sent to the ventricles.
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audiologist  A health-care specialist who focuses on evaluating and correcting hearing problems.
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audiometer  An electronic device that measures hearing acuity by producing sounds in specific frequencies and intensities. (39)
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auditory tube  A structure that connects the middle ear to the throat. Also called the Eustachian tube.
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auricle  The outside part of the ear, made of cartilage and covered with skin.
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auscultated blood pressure  Blood pressure as measured by listening with a stethoscope.
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auscultation  The process of listening to body sounds.
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authorization  A form that explains in detail the standards for the use and disclosure of patient information for purposes other than treatment, payment, or healthcare operations.
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autoclave  A device that uses pressurized steam to sterilize instruments and equipment.
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automated external defibrillator  A computerized defibrillator programmed to recognize lethal heart rhythms and deliver an electrical shock to restore a normal rhythm.
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autonomic  A division of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to viscera such as the heart, stomach, intestines, glands, blood vessels, and bladder.
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autosome  A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
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axial  The division of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
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axilla  Armpit; one of the four locations for temperature readings.
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axis  The second vertebra of the neck on which the head turns.
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axon  A type of nerve fiber that is typically long and branches far from the cell body. Its function is to send information away from the cell body.
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bacillus  A rod-shaped bacterium.
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bacterial spore  A primitive, thick-walled reproductive body capable of developing into a new individual; resistant to killing through disinfection.
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balance billing  Billing a patient for the difference between a higher usual fee and a lower allowed charge.
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barium enema  A radiologic procedure performed by a radiologist who administers barium sulfate through the anus, into the rectum, and then into the colon to help diagnose and evaluate obstructions, ulcers, polyps, diverticulosis, tumors, or motility problems of the colon or rectum; also called a lower GI (gastrointestinal) series.
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barium swallow  A radiologic procedure that involves oral administration of a barium sulfate drink to help diagnose and evaluate obstructions, ulcers, polyps, diverticulosis, tumors, or motility problems of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small intestine; also called an upper GI (gastrointestinal) series.
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baroreceptors  Structures, located in the aorta and carotid arteries, that help regulate blood pressure.
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bases  Electrolytes that releasehydroxyl ions in water.
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basophil  A type of granular leukocyte that produces the chemical histamine, which aids the body in controlling allergic reactions and other exaggerated immunologic responses.
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battery  An action that causes bodily harm to another.
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behavior modification  The altering of personal habits to promote a healthier lifestyle.
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benefits  Payments for medical services.
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bicarbonate ions  Elements formed when carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream and reacts with water. In the alimentary canal, these ions neutralize acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.
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bicuspids  Teeth with two cusps. There are two in front of each set of molars.
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bicuspid valve  Heart valve that has two cusps and that is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Also known as the mitral valve.
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bile  A substance created in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is a bitter yellow-green fluid that is used in the digestion of fats.
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bilirubin  A bile pigment formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
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bilirubinuria  The presence of bilirubin in the urine; one of the first signs of liver disease or conditions that involve the liver.
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birthday rule  A rule that states that the insurance policy of a policyholder whose birthday comes first in the year is the primary payer for all dependents.
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biliverdin  A pigment released when a red blood cell is destroyed.
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biochemistry  The study of matter and chemical reactions in the body.
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bioethics  Principles of right and wrong in issues that arise from medical advances.
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biohazard symbol  A symbol that must appear on all containers used to store waste products, blood, blood products, or other specimens that may be infectious.
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biohazardous materials  Biological agents that can spread disease to living things.
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biohazardous waste container  A leakproof, puncture-resistant container,color-coded red or labeled with a special biohazard symbol, that is used to store and dispose of contaminated supplies and equipment.
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biopsy  The process of removing and examining tissues and cells from the body.
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biopsy specimen  A small amount of tissue removed from the body for examination under a microscope to diagnose an illness.
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bioterrorism  The intentional release of a biologic agent with the intent to harm individuals.
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blastocyst  A morula that travels down the uterine tube to the uterus and is invaded with fluid. It then implants into the wall of the uterus.
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blood-borne pathogen  A disease-causing microorganism carried in a host's blood and transmitted through contact with infected blood, tissue, or body fluids.
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blood-brain barrier  A structure that is formed from tight capillaries to protect the tissues of the central nervous system from certain substances.
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B lymphocyte  A type of nongranular leukocyte that produces antibodies to combat specific pathogens.
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body language  Nonverbal communication, including facial expressions, eye contact, posture, touch, and attention to personal space.
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bookkeeping  The systematic recording of business transactions.
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bone conduction  The process by which sound waves pass through the bones of the skull directly to the inner ear, bypassing the outer and middle ears.
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botulism  A lifethreatening type of food poisoning that results from eating improperly canned or preserved foods that have been contaminated with the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
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brachial artery  An artery that provides a palpable pulse and audible vascular sounds in the antecubital space (the bend of the elbow).
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brachytherapy  A radiation therapy technique in which a radiologist places temporary radioactive implants close to or directly into cancerous tissue; used for treating localized cancers. (53)
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brain stem  A structure that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord.
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breach of contract  The violation of or failure to live up to a contract's terms.
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bronchi  The two branches of the trachea that enter the lungs.
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bronchial tree  A series of tubes that begins where the distal end of the trachea branches.
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bronchioles  A part of the respiratory tract that branches from the tertiary bronchi.
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buccal  Between the cheek and gum.
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bulbourethral glands  Glands that lie beneath the prostate and empty their fluid into the urethra. Their fluid aids in sperm movement.
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buffy coat  The layer between the packed red blood cells and plasma in a centrifuged blood sample; this layer contains the white blood cells and platelets.
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bulimia  An eating disorder in which people eat a large quantity of food in a short period of time (bingeing) and then attempt to counter the effects of bingeing by self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, and/or excessive exercise.
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burnout  The end result of prolonged periods of stress without relief. Burnout is an energy-depleting condition that can affect one's health and career. It can be common for those who work in health care.
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bursitis  Inflammation of a bursa.
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calcaneus  The largest tarsal bone; also called the heel bone.
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calcitonin  A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by activating osteoblasts.
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calibrate  to determine the caliber of
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calibration syringe  A standardized measuring instrument used to check and adjust the volume indicator on a spirometer.
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calorie  A unit used to measure the amount of energy food produces;the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
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calyces  Small cavities of the renal pelvis of the kidney.
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canaliculi  Tiny canals that connect lacunae to each other.
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capillary  Branches of arterioles and the smallest type of blood vessel.
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capillary puncture  A blood-drawing technique that requires a superficial puncture of the skin with a sharp point.
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capitation  A payment structure in which a health maintenance organization prepays an annual set fee per patient to a physician.
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carboxypeptidase  A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins.
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carcinogen  ) A factor that is known to cause the formation of cancer.
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cardiac catheterization  A diagnostic method in which a catheter is inserted into a vein or artery in the arm or leg and passed through blood vessels into the heart.
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cardiac cycle  The sequence of contraction and relaxation that makes up a complete heartbeat.
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cardiologist  A specialist who diagnoses and treats diseases of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular diseases).
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carditis  Inflammation of the heart.
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carpal  Bones of the wrist.
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carpal tunnel syndrome  A painful disorder caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel of the wrist.
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carrier  A reservoir host who is unaware of the presence of a pathogen and so spreads the disease while exhibiting no symptoms of infection.
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cast  A rigid, external dressing, usually made of plaster or fiberglass, that is molded to the contours of the body part to which it is applied; used to immobilize a fractured or dislocated bone. (44) Cylinder-shaped elements with flat or rounded ends, differing in composition and size, that form when protein from the breakdown of cells accumulates and precipitates in the kidney tubules and is washed into the urine.
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catabolism  The stage of metabolism in which complex substances, including utrients and body tissues, are broken down into simpler substances and converted into energy.
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cataracts  Cloudy areas that form in the lens of the eye that prevent light from reaching visual receptors.
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cash flow statement  A statement that shows the cash on hand at the beginning of a period, the income and disbursements made during the period, and the new amount of cash on hand at the end of the period.
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cashier's check  A bank check issued by a bank on bank paper and signed by a bank representative; usually purchased by individuals who do not have checking accounts.
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catheterization  The procedure during which a catheter is inserted into a vessel, an organ, or a body cavity.
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caudal  See inferior
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CD-ROM  A compact disc that contains software programs; an abbreviation for “compact disc— read-only memory.”
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cecum  The first section of the large intestine.
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cell body  The portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles.
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cell membrane  The outer limit of a cell that is thin and selectively permeable. It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
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cells  The smallest living units of structure and function.
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cellulitis  Inflammation of cellular or connective tissue.
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cellulose  A type of carbohydrate that is found in vegetables and cannot be digested by humans; commonly called fiber.
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Celsius  One of two common scales for measuring temperature; measured in degrees Celsius, or °C.
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Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services  A congressional agency designed to handle Medicare and Medicaid insurance claims. It was formerly known as the Health Care Financing Administration.
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central nervous system  A system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
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central processing unit  A microprocessor, the primary computer chip responsible for interpreting and executing programs.
(See page(s) 6)
centrifuge  A device used to spin a specimen at high speed until it separates into its component parts.
(See page(s) 45)
cerebellum  An area of the brain inferior to the cerebrum that coordinates complex skeletal muscle coordination.
(See page(s) 27)
cerebrospinal fluid  The fluid in the subarachnoid space of the meninges and the central canal of the spinal cord.
(See page(s) 27)
cerebrum  The largest part of the brain; it mainly includes the cerebral hemispheres.
(See page(s) 27)
Certificate of Waiver tests  Laboratory tests that pose an insignificant risk to the patient if they are performed or interpreted incorrectly, are simple and accurate to such a degree that the risk of obtaining incorrect results is minimal, and have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use by patients at home; laboratories performing only Certificate of Waiver tests must meet less stringent standards than laboratories that perform tests in other categories.
(See page(s) 45)
certified check  A payer's check written and signed by the payer, which is stamped “certified” by the bank. The bank has already drawn money from the payer's account to guarantee that the check will be paid.
(See page(s) 18)
Certified Medical Assistant  A medical assistant whose knowledge about the skills of medical assistants, as summarized by the 2003 AAMA Role Delineation Study areas of competence, has been certified by the Certifying Board of the American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA).
(See page(s) 1)
cerumen  A waxlike substance produced by glands in the ear canal; also called earwax.
(See page(s) 38)
cervical enlargement  The thickening of the spinal cord in the neck region.
(See page(s) 27)
cervical orifice  The opening of the uterus through the cervix into the vagina.
(See page(s) 35)
cervicitis  Inflammation of the cervix.
(See page(s) 35)
cervix  The lowest portion of the uterus that extends into the vagina.
(See page(s) 35)
chain of custody  A procedure for ensuring that a specimen is obtained from a specified individual, is correctly identified, is under the uninterrupted control of authorized personnel, and has not been altered or replaced.
(See page(s) 44)
CHAMPVA  A type of health insurance that covers the expenses of families (dependent spouses and children) of veterans with total, permanent, and service-connected disabilities. It also covers the surviving families of veterans who die in the line of duty or as a result of serviceconnected disabilities.
(See page(s) 15)
chancre  A painless ulcer that may appear on the tongue, the lips, the genitalia, the rectum, or elsewhere.
(See page(s) 21)
charge slip  The original record of services performed for a patient and the charges for those services.
(See page(s) 18)
check  A bank draft or order written by a payer that directs the bank to pay a sum of money on demand to the payee.
(See page(s) 18)
chemistry  The study of the composition of matter and how matter changes.
(See page(s) 23)
chemoreceptor  Any cell that is activated by a change in chemical oncentration and results in a nerve impulse. The olfactory or smell receptors in the nose are an example of a chemoreceptor. (33)
chief cells  Cells in the lining of the stomach that secrete pepsinogen.
(See page(s) 31)
chief complaint  The patient's main issue of pain or ailment.
(See page(s) 36)
chiropractor  A physician who uses a system of therapy, including manipulation of the spine, to treat illness or pain. This treatment is done without drugs or surgery.
(See page(s) 2)
cholangiography  A test that evaluates the function of the bile ducts by injection of a contrast medium directly into the common bile duct (during gallbladder surgery) or through a T-tube (after gallbladder surgery or during radiologic testing) and taking an x-ray.
(See page(s) 53)
cholecystography  A gallbladder function test performed by x-ray after the patient ingests an oral contrast agent; used to detect gallstones and bile duct obstruction.
(See page(s) 41)
cholesterol  A fat-related substance that the body produces in the liver and obtains from dietary sources; needed in small amounts to carry out several vital functions. High levels of cholesterol in the blood increase the risk of heart and artery disease.
(See page(s) 49)
chordae tendineae  Cord-like structures that attach the cusps of the heart valves to the papillary muscles in the ventricles.
(See page(s) 28)
choroid  The middle layer of the eye, which contains the iris, the ciliary body, and most of the eye's blood vessels.
(See page(s) 33)
chromosome  Threadlike structures comprised of DNA.
(See page(s) 23)
chronic  Lasting a long time or recurring frequently, as in chronic osteoarthritis.
(See page(s) 40)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  A disease characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitisor emphysema. It is typically progressive. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause.
(See page(s) 30)
chronological résumé  The type of résumé used by individuals who have job experience. Jobs are listed according to date, with the most recent being listed first.
(See page(s) 54)
chylomicron  The least dense of the lipoproteins; it functions in lipid transportation.
(See page(s) 28)
chyme  The mixture of food and gastric juice.
(See page(s) 31)
chymotrypsin  A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins.
(See page(s) 31)
ciliary body  A wedgeshaped thickening in the middle layer of the eyeball that contains the muscles that control the shape of the lens.
(See page(s) 33)
circumduction  Moving a body part in a circle; for example, tracing a circle with your arm.
(See page(s) 26)
cirrhosis  A long-lasting liver disease in which normal liver tissue is replaced with nonfunctioning scar tissue.
(See page(s) 31)
civil law  Involves crimes against persons. A person can sue another person, business, or the government. Judgments often require a payment of money.
(See page(s) 3)
clarity  Clearness in writing or stating a message.
(See page(s) 7)
class action lawsuit  A lawsuit in which one or more people sue a company or other legal entity that allegedly wronged all of them in the same way.
(See page(s) 17)
clavicle  A slender, curved long bone that connects the sternum and the scapula; also called the collar bone.
(See page(s) 25)
clean-catch midstream urine specimen  A type of urine specimen that requires special cleansing of the external genitalia to avoid contamination by organisms residing near the external opening of the urethra and is used to identify the number and types of pathogens present in urine; sometimes referred to as midvoid.
(See page(s) 47)
clearinghouse  A group that takes nonstandard medical billing software formats and translates them into the standard EDI formats.
(See page(s) 15)
cleavage  The rapid rate of mitosis of a zygote immediately following fertilization.
(See page(s) 35)
clinical coordinator  The person associated with the medical assisting school that procures externship sites and qualifies them to ensure that they provide a thorough educational experience.
(See page(s) 54)
clinical diagnosis  A diagnosis based on the signs and symptoms of a disease or condition.
(See page(s) 38)
clinical drug trial  An internationally recognized research protocol designed to evaluate the efficacy or safety of drugs and to produce scientifically valid results.
(See page(s) 21)
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments  A law enacted by Congress in 1988 that placed all laboratory facilities that conduct tests for diagnosing, preventing, or treating human disease or for assessing human health under federal regulations administered by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
(See page(s) 1)
clitoris  Located anterior to the urethral opening in females. It contains erectile tissue and is rich in sensory nerves.
(See page(s) 35)
closed file  A file for a patient who has died, moved away, or for some other reason no longer consults the office for medical expertise.
(See page(s) 10)
closed posture  A position that conveys the feeling of not being totally receptive to what is being said; arms are often rigid or folded across the chest. (4)
(See page(s) 4)
cluster scheduling  The scheduling of similar appointments together at a certain time of the day or week.
(See page(s) 12)
coagulation  The process by which a clot forms in blood.
(See page(s) 28)
coccus  A spherical, round, or ovoid bacterium.
(See page(s) 46)
coccyx  A small, triangularshaped bone consisting of three to five fused vertebrae.
(See page(s) 25)
cochlea  A spiral-shaped canal in the inner ear that contains the hearing receptors.
(See page(s) 33)
code linkage  Analysis of the connection between diagnostic and procedural information in order to evaluate the medical necessity of the reported charges. This analysis is performed by insurance company representatives.
(See page(s) 16)
coinsurance  A fixed percentage of covered charges paid by the insured person after a deductible has been met.
(See page(s) 15)
colitis  Inflammation of the colon.
(See page(s) 31)
colonoscopy  A procedure used to determine the cause of diarrhea, constipation, bleeding, or lower abdominal pain by inserting a scope through the anus to provide direct visualization of the large intestine.
(See page(s) 41)
colony  A distinct group of microorganisms, visible with the naked eye, on the surface of a culture medium.
(See page(s) 46)
color family  A group of colors that share certain characteristics, such as warmth or coolness, allowing them to blend well together.
(See page(s) 13)
colposcopy  The examination of the vagina and cervix with an instrument called acolposcope to identify abnormal tissue, such as cancerous or precancerous cells.
(See page(s) 40)
common bile duct  Duct that carries bile to the duodenum. It is formed from the merger of the cystic and hepatic ducts.
(See page(s) 31)
compactible file  Files kept on rolling shelves that slide along permanent tracks in the floor and are stored close together or stacked when not in use.
(See page(s) 10)
complement  A protein present in serum that is involved in specific defenses.
(See page(s) 29)
complete proteins  Proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids.
(See page(s) 49)
complex carbohydrates  Long chains of sugar units; also known as polysaccharides.
(See page(s) 49)
complex inheritance  The inheritance of traits determined by multiple genes.
(See page(s) 23)
compliance plan  A process for finding, correcting, and preventing illegal medical office practices.
(See page(s) 16)
compound  A substance that is formed when two or more atoms of more than one element are chemically combined.
(See page(s) 23)
compound microscope  A microscope that uses two lenses to magnify the image created by condensed light focused through the object being examined.
(See page(s) 45)
computed tomography  A radiographic examination that produces a threedimensional, cross-sectional view of an area of the body; may be performed with or without a contrast medium.
(See page(s) 41)
conciseness  Brevity; the use of no unnecessary words.
(See page(s) 7)
concussion  A jarring injury to the brain; the most common type of head injury. (44)
(See page(s) 44)
conductive hearing loss  A type of hearing loss that occurs when sound waves cannot be conducted through the ear. Most types are temporary.
(See page(s) 33)
condyle  Rounded articular surface on a bone.
(See page(s) 25)
cones  Light-sensing nerve cells in the eye, at the posterior of the retina, that are sensitive to color, provide sharp images, and function only in bright light.
(See page(s) 33)
conflict  An opposition of opinions or ideas.
(See page(s) 4)
conjunctiva  The protective membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the anterior of the sclera, or the white of the eye.
(See page(s) 33)
conjunctivitis  A contagious infection of the conjunctiva caused by bacteria, viruses, and allergies. The symptoms may include discharge, red eyes, itching, and swollen eyelids; also commonly called pinkeye.
(See page(s) 33)
connective  A tissue type that is the framework of the body.
(See page(s) 23)
consumable  Able to be emptied or used up, as with supplies.
(See page(s) 22)
consumer education  The process by which the average person learns to make informed decisions about goods and services, including health care.
(See page(s) 14)
constructive criticism  A type of critique that is aimed at giving an individual feedback about his or her performance in order to improve that performance.
(See page(s) 54)
contagious  Having a disease that can easily be transmitted to others.
(See page(s) 13)
contaminated  Soiled or stained, particularly through contact with potentially infectious substances; no longer clean or sterile.
(See page(s) 1)
contract  A voluntary agreement between two parties in which specific promises are made.
(See page(s) 3)
contraindication  A symptom that renders use of a remedy or procedure inadvisable, usually because of risk
(See page(s) 20)
contrast medium  A substance that makes internal organs denser and blocks the passage of x-rays to photographic film. Introducing a contrast medium into certain structures or areas of the body can provide a clear image of organs and tissues and highlight indications of how well they are functioning.
(See page(s) 53)
controlled substance  A drug or drug product that is categorized as potentially dangerous and addictive and is strictly regulated by federal laws.
(See page(s) 50)
control sample  A specimen that has a known value; used as a comparison for test results on a patient sample.
(See page(s) 45)
contusion  A closed wound, or bruise.
(See page(s) 44)
conventions  A list of abbreviations, punctuation, symbols, typefaces, and instructional notes appearing in the beginning of the ICD-9.The items provide guidelines for using the code set.
(See page(s) 16)
convolutions  The ridges of brain matter between the sulci; also called gyri.
(See page(s) 27)
coordination of benefits  A legal principle that limits payment by insurance companies to 100% of the cost of covered expenses.
(See page(s) 15)
co-payment  A small fee paid by the insured at the time of a medical service rather than by the insurance company.
(See page(s) 15)
cornea  A transparent area on the front of the outer layer of the eye that acts as a window to let light into the eye.
(See page(s) 33)
coronary sinus  The large vein that receives oxygen-poor blood from the cardiac veins and empties it into the right atrium of the heart.
(See page(s) 28)
corpus callosum  A thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres.
(See page(s) 27)
corpus luteum  A ruptured follicle cell in the ovary following ovulation.
(See page(s) 35)
cortex  The outermost layer of the cerebrum.
(See page(s) 27)
cortisol  A steroid hormone that is released when a person is stressed. It decreases protein synthesis.
(See page(s) 32)
costal  Cartilage that attaches true ribs to the sternum.
(See page(s) 25)
counter check  A special bank check that allows a depositor to draw funds from his own account only, as when he has forgotten his checkbook.
(See page(s) 18)
courtesy title  A title used before a person's name, such as Dr., Mr., or Ms
(See page(s) 7)
cover sheet  A form sent with a fax that provides details about the transmission.
(See page(s) 5)
coxal  Pertaining to the bones of the pelvic girdle. The coax is composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
(See page(s) 25)
CPT  See Current Procedural Terminology.
(See page(s) 16)
cranial  See superior.
(See page(s) 23)
cranial nerves  Peripheral nerves that originate from the brain.
(See page(s) 27)
crash cart  A rolling cart of emergency supplies and equipment. 44
(See page(s) 44)
creatine phosphate  A protein that stores extra phosphate groups. 26
(See page(s) 26)
credit  An extension of time to pay for services, which are provided on trust. 17
(See page(s) 17)
credit bureau  A company that provides information about the credit worthiness of a person seeking credit.
(See page(s) 17)
cricoid cartilage  A cartilage of the larynx that forms most of the posterior wall and a small part of the anterior wall.
(See page(s) 30)
crime  An offense against the state committed or omitted in violation of public law.
(See page(s) 3)
criminal law  Involves crimes against the state. When a state or federal law is violated, the government brings criminal charges against the alleged offender.
(See page(s) 3)
cross-reference  The notation within the ICD-9 of the word see after a main term in the index. The see reference means that the main term first checked is not correct. Another category must then be used.
(See page(s) 16)
cross-referenced  Filed in two or more places, with each place noted in each file; the exact contents of the file maybe duplicated, or a cross-reference form can be created, listing all the places to find the file.
(See page(s) 10)
cross-training  The acquisition of training in a variety of tasks and skills. 1
(See page(s) 1)
cryotherapy  The application of cold to a patient's body for therapeutic reasons. 43
(See page(s) 43)
cryosurgery  The use of extreme cold to destroy unwanted tissue, such as skin lesions. (42)
(See page(s) 42)
crystals  Naturally produced solids of definite form; commonly seen in urine specimens, especially those permitted to cool.
(See page(s) 47)
culture  In the sociological sense, a pattern of assumptions, beliefs, and practices that shape the way people think and act. To place a sample of a specimen in or on a substance that allows microorganisms to grow in order to identify the microorganisms present.
(See page(s) 38 46)
culture and sensitivity  A procedure that involves culturing a specimen and then testing the isolated bacteria's susceptibility (sensitivity) to certain antibiotics to determine which antibiotics would be most effective in treating an infection.
(See page(s) 46)
culture medium  A substance containing all the nutrients a particular type of microorganism needs to grow.
(See page(s) 46)
Current Procedural Terminology  A book with the most commonly used system of procedure codes. It is the HIPAA-required code set for physicians'procedures.
(See page(s) 16)
cursor  A blinking line or cube on a computer screen that shows where the next character that is keyed will appear.
(See page(s) 6)
Cushing's disease  A condition in which a person produces too muchcortisol or has used too many steroid hormones. Some ofthe signs and symptoms include buffalo hump obesity, a moon face, and abdominal stretch marks; also called hypercortisolism.
(See page(s) 32)
cuspids  The sharpest teeth;they act to tear food.
(See page(s) 31)
cyanosis  A bluish color of skin that results when the supply of oxygen is low in the blood. 24
(See page(s) 24)
cycle billing  A system that sends invoices to groups of patients every few days, spreading the work of billing all patients over the month while billing each patient only once.
(See page(s) 17)
cystic duct  The duct from the gallbladder that merges with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct.
(See page(s) 31)
cystitis  Inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by infection.
(See page(s) 34)
cytokines  A chemical secreted by T lymphocytes in response to an antigen. Cytokines increase T and B cell production, kill cells that have antigens, and stimulate red bone marrow to produce more white blood cells.
(See page(s) 29)
cytokinesis  Splitting of the cytoplasm during cell division.
(See page(s) 23)
cytoplasm  The watery intracellular substance that consists mostly of water, proteins, ions, and nutrients.
(See page(s) 23)
damages  Money paid as compensation for violating legal rights.
(See page(s) 17)
database  A collection of records created and stored on a computer.
(See page(s) 6)
dateline  The line at the top of a letter that contains the month, day,and year.
(See page(s) 7)
debridement  The removal of debris or dead tissue from a wound to expose healthy tissue.
(See page(s) 42)
decibel  A unit for measuring the relative intensity of sounds on a scale from 0 to 130.
(See page(s) 39)
deductible  A fixed dollar amount that must be paid by the insured before additional expenses are covered by an insurer.
(See page(s) 15)
deep  Anatomical term meaning closer to the inside of the body.
(See page(s) 23)
defamation  Damaging a person's reputation by making public statements that are both false and malicious.
(See page(s) 3)
defecation reflex  The relaxation of the anal sphincters so that feces can move through the anus in the process of elimination.
(See page(s) 31)
deflection  A peak or valley on an electrocardiogram.
(See page(s) 52)
dehydration  The condition that results from a lack of adequate water in the body.
(See page(s) 44)
dementia  The deterioration of mental faculties from organic disease of the brain.
(See page(s) 14)
dendrite  A type of nerve fiber that is short and branches near the cell body. Its function is to receive information from the neuron.
(See page(s) 27)
deoxyhemoblobin  A type of hemoglobin that is not carrying oxygen. It is darker red in color than hemoglobin.
(See page(s) 28)
dependent  A person who depends on another person for financial support.
(See page(s) 18)
depolarization  The loss of polarity, or opposite charges inside and outside; the electrical impulse that initiates a chain reaction resulting in contraction.
(See page(s) 52)
depolarized  A state in which sodium ions flow to the inside of the cell membrane, making the outside less positive. Depolarization occurs when a neuron responds to stimuli such as heat, pressure, or chemicals.
(See page(s) 27)
depression  The lowering of a body part.
(See page(s) 26)
dermatitis  Inflammation of the skin.
(See page(s) 24)
dermatologist  A specialist who diagnoses and treats diseases of the skin, hair, and nails.
(See page(s) 2)
dermis  The middle layer of the skin, which contains connective tissue, nerve endings, hair follicles,sweat glands, and oil glands.
(See page(s) 24)
descending colon  The segment of the large intestine after the transverse colon that descends the left side of the abdominal cavity. (31)
(See page(s) 31)
descending tracts  Tracts of the spinal cord that carry motor information from the brain to muscles and glands.
(See page(s) 27)
detrusor muscle  A smooth muscle that contracts to push urine from the bladder into the urethra.
(See page(s) 34)
diabetes mellitus  Any of several related endocrine disorders characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood, caused by a deficiency of insulin or insulin resistance at the cellular level.
(See page(s) 32)
diagnosis  The primary condition for which a patient is receiving care.
(See page(s) 16)
diagnosis code  The way a diagnosis is communicated to the third-party payer on the healthcare claim. (16)
(See page(s) 16)
diagnostic radiology  The use of x-ray technology to determine the cause of a patient's symptoms.
(See page(s) 53)
diapedesis  The squeezing of a cell through a blood vessel wall.
(See page(s) 28)
diaphragm  A muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
(See page(s) 23)
diaphysis  The shaft of a long bone.
(See page(s) 25)
diastolic pressure  The blood pressure measured when the heart relaxes.
(See page(s) 28)
diathermy  A type of heat therapy in which a machine produces high-frequency waves that achieve deep heat penetration in muscle tissue.
(See page(s) 43)
diencephalon  A structure that includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus. It is located between the cerebral hemispheres and is superior to the brain stem.
(See page(s) 27)
differential diagnosis  The process of determining the correct diagnosis when two or more diagnoses are possible.
(See page(s) 38)
differently abled  Having a condition that limits or changes a person's abilities and may require special accommodations.
(See page(s) 13)
diffusion  The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(See page(s) 23)
digital examination  Part of a physical examination in which the physician inserts one or two fingers of one hand into the opening of a body canal such as the vagina or the rectum; used to palpate canal and related structures.
(See page(s) 38)
diluent  A liquid used to dissolve and dilute another substance,such as a drug.
(See page(s) 51)
disaccharide  A type of carbohydrate that is a simple sugar.
(See page(s) 31)
disability insurance  Insurance that provides a monthly, prearranged payment to an individual who cannot work as the result of an injury or disability.
(See page(s) 15)
disbursement  Any payment of funds made by the physician's office for goods and services.
(See page(s) 8)
disclaimer  A statement of denial of legal liability.
(See page(s) 5)
disclosure  The release of, the transfer of, the provision of access to, or the divulgence in any manner of patient information.
(See page(s) 3)
disclosure statement  A written description of agreed terms of payment; also called a federal Truth in Lending statement
(See page(s) 17)
disinfectant  A cleaning product applied to instruments and equipment to reduce or eliminate infectious organisms; not used on human tissue.
(See page(s) 20)
disinfection  The destruction of infectious agents on an object or surface by direct application of chemical or physical means.
(See page(s) 19)
dislocation  The displacement of a bone end from a joint.
(See page(s) 44)
dispense  To distribute a drug, in a properly labeled container,to a patient who is to use it. (50)
(See page(s) 50)
distal  Anatomical term meaning farther away from a point of attachment or farther away from the trunk of the body.
(See page(s) 23)
distal convoluted tubule  The last twisted section of the renal tubule; it is located after the loop of Henle. Several of these tubules merge together to form collecting ducts.
(See page(s) 34)
distribution  The biochemical process of transporting a drug from its administration site in the body to its site of action.
(See page(s) 50)
diverticulitis  Inflammation of the diverticuli, which are abnormal dilations in the intestine.
(See page(s) 31)
DNA  A nucleic acid that contains the genetic information of cells.
(See page(s) 23)
doctor of osteopathy  A doctor who focuses special attention on the musculoskeletal system and uses hands and eyes to identify and adjust structural problems,supporting the body's natural tendency toward health and selfhealing.
(See page(s) 2)
documentation  The recording of information in a patient's medical record; includes detailed notes about each contact with the patient and about the treatment plan, patient progress,and treatment outcomes.
(See page(s) 9)
dorsal  See posterior.
(See page(s) 23)
dorsal root  A portion of a spinal nerve that contains axons of sensory neurons only.
(See page(s) 27)
dorsiflexion  Pointing the toes upward.
(See page(s) 26)
dosage  The size, frequency,and number of doses.
(See page(s) 50)
dose  The amount of a drug given or taken at one time.
(See page(s) 50)
dot matrix printer  An impact printer that creates characters by placing a series of tiny dots next to one another.
(See page(s) 6)
double-booking system  A system of scheduling in which two or more patients are booked for the same appointment slot, with the assumption that both patients will be seen by the doctor within the scheduled period.
(See page(s) 12)
douche  Vaginal irrigation,which can be used to administer vaginal medication in liquid form.
(See page(s) 51)
drainage catheter  A type of catheter used to withdraw fluids.
(See page(s) 47)
dressings  Sterile materials used to cover a surgical or other wound.
(See page(s) 42)
ductus arteriosus  The connection in the fetus between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
(See page(s) 35)
ductus venosus  A blood vessel that allows most of the blood to bypass the liver in the fetus.
(See page(s) 35)
duodenum  The first section of the small intestine.
(See page(s) 31)
durable item  A piece of equipment that is used repeatedly, such as a telephone, computer, or examination table; contrast with expendable item.
(See page(s) 8)
durable power of attorney  A document naming the person who will make decisions regarding medical care on behalf of another person if that person becomes unable to do so.
(See page(s) 3)
dwarfism  A condition in which too little growth hormone is produced, resulting in an abnormally small stature.
(See page(s) 32)
dysmenorrhea  Severe menstrual cramps that limit daily activity.
(See page(s) 35)
dyspnea  Difficult or painful breathing.
(See page(s) 37)
ear ossicles  Three tiny bones called the malleus, the incus, and the stapes located in the middle ear cavity. They are the smallest bones of the body.
(See page(s) 33)
eccrine gland  The most numerous type of sweat gland.Eccrine sweat glands produce a watery type of sweat and are activated primarily by heat.
(See page(s) 24)
echocardiography  A procedure that tests the structure and function of the heart through the use of reflected sound waves, or echoes.
(See page(s) 41)
E code  A type of code in the ICD-9. E-codes identify the external causes of injuries and poisoning. (16)
(See page(s) 16)
ectoderm  The primary germ layer that gives rise to nervous tissue and some epithelial tissue.
(See page(s) 35)
eczema  Inflammatory condition of the skin.
(See page(s) 24)
edema  An excessive buildup of fluid in body tissue.
(See page(s) 28)
editing  The process of ensuring that a document is accurate, clear, and complete; free of grammatical errors; organized logically; and written in the appropriate style.
(See page(s) 7)
effectors  Muscles and glands that are stimulated by motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
(See page(s) 27)
efferent arterioles  Structures that deliver blood to peritubular capillaries that are wrapped around the renal tubules of the nephron in the kidneys.
(See page(s) 34)
efficacy  The therapeutic value of a procedure or therapy, such as a drug.
(See page(s) 50)
efficiency  The ability to produce a desired result with the least effort, expense, and >waste. (8)
(See page(s) 8)
electrocardiogram  The tracing made by an electrocardiograph.
(See page(s) 52)
electrocardiograph  An instrument that measures and displays the waves of electrical impulses responsible for the cardiac cycle.
(See page(s) 52)
electrocardiography  The process by which a graphic pattern is created to reflect the electrical impulses generated by the heart as it pumps.
(See page(s) 52)
electrocauterization  The use of a needle, probe,or loop heated by electric current to remove growths such as warts, to stop bleeding, and to control nosebleeds that either will not subside or continually recur.
(See page(s) 42)
electrodes  Sensors that detect electrical activity.
electroencephalography  A procedure that records the electrical activity of the brain as a tracing called an electroencephalogram, or EEG, on a strip of graph paper.
(See page(s) 41)
electrolytes  Substances that carry electrical current through the movement of ions.
(See page(s) 23)
electromyography  A procedure in which needle electrodes are inserted into some of the skeletal muscles and a monitor records the nerve impulses and measures conduction time; used to detect neuromuscular disorders or nerve damage.
(See page(s) 41)
electron microscope  A microscope that uses a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light; can magnify an image several million times.
(See page(s) 45)
electronic data interchange  Transmitting electronic medical insurance claims from providers to payers using the necessary information systems. 15
(See page(s) 15)
electronic mail  A method of sending and receiving messages through a computer >network; commonly known as e-mail.
(See page(s) 6)
electronic transaction record  The standardized codes and formats used for the exchange of medical data.
(See page(s) 3)
elevation  The raising of a body part.
(See page(s) 26)
embolism  An obstruction in a blood vessel.
(See page(s) 40)
embolus  A portion of a thrombus that breaks off and moves through the bloodstream.
(See page(s) 28)
embryonic period  The second through eighth weeks of pregnancy.
(See page(s) 35)
E/M code  Evaluation and management codes that are often considered the most important of all CPT codes. The E/M section guidelines explain how to code different levels of services.
(See page(s) 16)
empathy  Identification with or sensitivity to another person's feelings and problems.
(See page(s) 4)
employment contract  A written agreement of employment terms between employer and employee that describes the employee's duties and the considerations (money, benefits, and so on) to be given by the employer in exchange.
(See page(s) 18)
enclosure  Materials that are included in the same envelope as the primary letter.
(See page(s) 7)
endocardium  The innermost layer of the heart.
(See page(s) 28)
endochondral  A type of ossification in which bones start out as cartilage models.
(See page(s) 25)
endocrine gland  A gland that secretes its products directly into tissue, fluid, or blood.
(See page(s) 23)
endocrinologist  A specialist who diagnoses and treats disorders of the endocrine system, which regulates many body functions by circulating hormones that are secreted by glands throughout the body. (2)
(See page(s) 2)
endoderm  The primary germ layer that gives rise to epithelial tissues only.
(See page(s) 35)
endogenous infection  An infection in which an abnormality or malfunction in routine body processes causes normally beneficial or harmless microorganisms to become pathogenic.
(See page(s) 19)
endolymph  A fluid in the inner ear. When this fluid moves,it activates hearing and equilibrium receptors.
(See page(s) 33)
endometriosis  A condition in which tissues that make up the lining of the uterus grow outside the uterus.
(See page(s) 35)
endometrium  The innermost layer of the uterus. It undergoes significant changes during the menstrual cycle.
(See page(s) 35)
endomysium  A connective tissue covering that surrounds individual muscle cells.
(See page(s) 26)
endorse  To sign or stamp the back of a check with the proper identification of the person or organization to whom the check is made out, to prevent the check from being cashed if it is stolen or lost.
(See page(s) 18)
endoscopy  Any procedure in which a scope is used to visually inspect a canal or cavity within the body.
endosteum  A membrane that lines the medullary cavity and the holes of spongy bone.
(See page(s) 25)
enunciation  Clear and distinct speaking.
(See page(s) 11)
enzyme immunoassay  The detection of substances by immunological methods. This method involves an antigen, an antibody specific for the antigen, and a second antibody conjugated to an enzyme.
(See page(s) 47)
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay  A blood test that confirms the presence of antibodies developed by the body's immune system in response to an initial HIV infection.
(See page(s) 21)
eosinophil  A type of granular leukocyte that captures invading bacteria and antigen-antibody complexes through phagocytosis.
(See page(s) 48)
epicardium  The outermost layer of the wall of the heart. Also known as the visceral pericardium.
(See page(s) 28)
epidermis  The most superficial layer of the skin.
(See page(s) 24)
epididymis  An elongated structure attached to the back of the testes and in which sperm cells mature.
(See page(s) 35)
epididymitis  Inflammation of an epididymis.Most cases result from infection.
(See page(s) 35)
epiglottic cartilage  A cartilage of the larynx that forms the framework of the epiglottis.
(See page(s) 30)
epiglottis  The flaplike structure that closes off the larynx during swallowing.
(See page(s) 30)
epilepsy  A condition that occurs when parts of the brain receive a burst of electrical signals that disrupt normal brain function; also called seizures.
(See page(s) 27)
epimysium  A thin covering that is just deep to the fascia of a muscle. It surrounds the entire muscle.
(See page(s) 26)
epinephrine  An injectable medication used to treat anaphylaxis by causing vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure. A hormone secreted from the adrenal glands. It increases heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure.
(See page(s) 29,32)
epiphyseal disk  A plate of cartilage between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.
(See page(s) 25)
epiphysis  The expanded end of a long bone.
(See page(s) 25)
epistaxis  Nosebleed.
(See page(s) 44)
epithelial tissue  A tissue type that lines the tubes, hollow organs, and cavities of the body.
(See page(s) 23)
erectile tissue  A highly specialized tissue located in the shaft of the penis. It fills with blood to achieve an erection.
(See page(s) 35)
erythema  Redness of the skin.
(See page(s) 43)
erythroblastosis fetalis  A serious anemia that develops in a fetus with Rhpositive blood as a result of antibodies in an Rh-negative mother's body.
(See page(s) 28)
erythrocytes  Red blood cells.
(See page(s) 28)
erythrocyte sedimentation rate  The rate at which red blood cells, the heaviest blood component, settle to the bottom of a blood sample.
(See page(s) 48)
erythropoietin  A hormone secreted by the kidney and is responsible for regulating the production of red blood cells.
(See page(s) 28)
esophageal hiatus  Hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes.
(See page(s) 31)
established patient  A patient who has seen the physician within the past three years. This determination is important when using E/M codes.
(See page(s) 16)
estrogen  A female sex hormone;when produced during ovulation,estrogen causes a buildup of the lining of the uterus (womb) to prepare it for a possible pregnancy.
(See page(s) 32)
ethics  General principles of right and wrong, as opposed to requirements of law.
(See page(s) 3)
ethmoid  Bones located between the sphenoid and nasal bone that form part of the floor of the cranium.
(See page(s) 25)
etiologic agent  A living microorganism or its toxin that may cause human disease.
(See page(s) 46)
etiquette  Good manners.
(See page(s) 11)
eustachian tube  An opening in the middle ear, leading to the back of the throat, that helps equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum.
(See page(s) 39)
eversion  Turning the sole of the foot laterally.
(See page(s) 26)
exclusion  An expense that is not covered by a particular insurance policy, such as an eye examination or dental care.
(See page(s) 15)
excretion  The elimination of waste by a discharge; in drug metabolism, the manner in which a drug is eliminated from the body.
(See page(s) 50)
exocrine gland  A gland that secretes its product into a duct.
(See page(s) 23)
exogenous infection  An infection that is caused by the introduction of a pathogen from outside the body.
(See page(s) 19)
expendable item  An item that is used and must then be restocked; also known collectively as supplies. Contrast with durable item.
(See page(s) 8)
expiration  The process of breathing out; also called exhalation.
(See page(s) 30)
expressed contract  A contract clearly stated in written or spoken words.
(See page(s) 3)
extension  An unbending or straightening movement of the two elements of a jointed body part.
(See page(s) 26)
external auditory canal  Canal that carries sound waves to the tympanic membrane;commonly called the ear canal.
(See page(s) 33)
externship  A period of practical work experience performed by a medical assisting student in a physician's office, hospital, or other health-care facility.
(See page(s) 1)
extrinsic eye muscles  The skeletal muscles that move the eyeball.
(See page(s) 33)
facsimile machine  A piece of office equipment used to send a facsimile, or fax,over telephone lines from one modem to another; more commonly called a fax machine.
(See page(s) 11)
facultative  Able to adapt to different conditions; in microbiology, able to grow in environments either with or without oxygen.
(See page(s) 46)
Fahrenheit  One of two common scales used for measuring temperature; measured in degrees Fahrenheit, or °F.
(See page(s) 37)
fallopian tubes  Tubes that extend from the uterus on each side and that open near an ovary.
(See page(s) 35)
family practitioner  A physician who does not specialize in a branch of medicine but treats all types and ages of patients; also called a general practitioner.
(See page(s) 2)
fascia  A structure that covers entire skeletal muscles and separates them from each other.
(See page(s) 26)
fascicle  Sections of a muscle divided by connective tissue called perimysium.
(See page(s) 26)
febrile  Having a body temperature above one's normal range.
(See page(s) 37)
feces  Material found in the large intestine and made from leftover chyme. Faces are eventually eliminated through the anus.
(See page(s) 31)
feedback  Verbal and nonverbal evidence that a message was received and understood.
(See page(s) 4)
fee-for-service  A major type of health plan. It repays policyholders for the costs of health care that are due to illness and accidents.
(See page(s) 15)
fee schedule  A list of the costs of common services and procedures performed by a physician.
(See page(s) 15)
felony  A serious crime, such as murder or rape, that is punishable by imprisonment. In certain crimes, a felony is punishable by death.
(See page(s) 3)
femoral  Relating to the femur or thigh.
(See page(s) 23)
femur  The bone in the upper leg; commonly called the thigh bone.
(See page(s) 25)
fenestrated drape  A drape that has a round or slitlike opening that provides access to the surgical site.
(See page(s) 38)
fertilization  The process in which an egg unites with a sperm.
(See page(s) 35)
fetal period  A period that begins at week nine of pregnancy and continues through delivery of the offspring.
(See page(s) 35)
fiber  The tough, stringy part of vegetables and grains, which is not absorbed by the body but aids in a variety of bodily functions.
(See page(s) 49)
fibrinogen  A protein found in plasma that is important for blood clotting.
(See page(s) 28)
fibroid  A benign tumor in the uterus composed of fibrous tissue.
(See page(s) 35)
fibromyalgia  A condition that exhibits chronic pain primarily in joints, muscles, and tendons.
(See page(s) 26)
fibula  The lateral bone of the lower leg.
(See page(s) 25)
file guide  A heavy cardboard or plastic insert used to identify a group of file folders in a file drawer.
(See page(s) 10)
filtration  A process that separates substances into solutions by forcing them across a membrane.
(See page(s) 23)
fimbriae  Fringe-like structures that border the entrances of the fallopian tubes.
(See page(s) 35)
first morning urine specimen  A urine specimen that is collected after a night's sleep; contains greater concentrations of substances that collect over time than specimens taken during the day.
(See page(s) 47)
fixative  A solution sprayed on a slide immediately after the specimen is applied. It is used to preserve and hold the cells in place until a microscopic examination is performed.
(See page(s) 22)
flexion  A bending movement of the two elements of a jointed body part.
(See page(s) 26)
floater  A nonsterile assistant who is free to move about the room during surgery and attend to unsterile needs.
(See page(s) 42)
fluidotherapy  A technique for stimulating healing, particularly in the hands and feet, by placing the affected body part in a container of glass beads that are heated and agitated with hot air.
(See page(s) 43)
follicle  An accessory organ of the skin that is found in the dermis and the sites at which hairs emerge.
(See page(s) 24)
follicle-stimulating hormone  A hormone that in females stimulates the production of estrogen by the ovaries; in males, it stimulates sperm production.
(See page(s) 32)
follicular cells  Small cells contained in the primordial follicle along with a large cell called a primary oocyte.
(See page(s) 35)
folliculitis  Inflammation of the hair follicle.
(See page(s) 24)
fomite  An inanimate object,such as clothing, body fluids, water,or food, that may be contaminatedwith infectious organisms and thus serve to transmit disease.
(See page(s) 19)
fontanel  The soft spot in an infant's skull that consists of tough membranes that connect to incompletely developed bone.
(See page(s) 25)
food exchange  A unit of food in a particular food category that provides the same amounts of protein, fat, and carbohydrates as all other units of food in that category.
(See page(s) 49)
foramen magnum  The large hole in the occipital bone that allows the brain to connect to the spinal cord.
(See page(s) 25)
foramen ovale  A hole in the fetal heart between the right atrium and the left atrium.
(See page(s) 35)
forced vital capacity  The greatest volume of air that a person is able to expel when performing rapid, forced expiration.
(See page(s) 52)
formalin  A dilute solution of formaldehyde used to preserve biological specimens.
(See page(s) 42)
formed elements  Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; comprise 45% of blood volume.
(See page(s) 48)
formulary  An insurance plan's list of approved prescription medications.
(See page(s) 15)
fraud  An act of deception that is used to take advantage of another person or entity.
(See page(s) 3)
fracture  Any break in a bone.
(See page(s) 41)
frequency  The number of complete fluctuations of energy per second in the form of waves.
(See page(s) 39)
frontal  Anatomical term that refers to the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Also called coronal.
(See page(s) 23)
full-block letter style  A letter format in which all lines begin flush left; also called block style.
(See page(s) 7)
functional résumé  A résumé that highlights specialty areas of a person's accomplishments and strengths.
(See page(s) 54)
fungus  A eukaryotic organism that has a rigid cell wall at some stage in the life cycle.
(See page(s) 46)







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