| arousal approaches to motivation | The belief that we try to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary (Module 24)
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| cognitive approaches of motivation | The theory suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts and expectations —their cognitions (Module 24)
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| arousal approaches to motivation | The belief that we try to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary (Module 24)
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| drive | Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need (Module 24)
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| drive-reduction approaches to motivation | A theory suggesting that when people lack some basic biological requirement such as water, a drive to obtain that requirement (in this case, the thirst drive) is produced (Module 24)
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| homeostasis | The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state (Module 24)
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| incentive approaches to motivation | The theory suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives (Module 24)
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| instincts | Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned (Module 24)
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| motivation | The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms (Module 24)
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| self-actualization | A state of self- fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way (Module 24)
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| androgen | Male sex hormones secreted by the testes (Module 25)
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| anorexia nervosa | A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance—which can become skeletonlike—are unusual (Module 25)
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| bisexuals | Persons who are sexually attracted to people of the same and the opposite sex (Module 25)
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| bulimia | A disorder in which a person binges on incredibly large quantities of food (Module 25)
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| double standard | The view that premarital sex is permissible for males but not for females (Module 25)
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| estrogens | Class of female sex hormones (Module 25)
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| extramarital sex | Sexual activity between a married person and someone who is not his or her spouse (Module 25)
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| heterosexuality | Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the opposite sex (Module 25)
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| homosexuals | Persons who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex (Module 25)
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| masturbation | Sexual self-stimulation (Module 25)
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| metabolism | The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body (Module 25)
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| need for achievement | A stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is obtained by striving for and attaining a level of excellence (Module 25)
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| need for affiliation | An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people (Module 25)
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| need for power | A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, andto be seen as a powerful individual (Module 25)
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| obesity | The state of being more than 20percent above the average weight for a person of a given height (Module 25)
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| ovulation | The point at which an egg is released from the ovaries (Module 25)
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| progesterone | Female sex hormone (Module 25)
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| weight set point | The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain (Module 25)
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| Cannon-Bard theory of emotion | The belief that both physiological and emotional arousal are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus (Module 26)
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| emotions | Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior (Module 26)
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| James-Lange theory of emotion | The belief that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation (“I feel sad because I am crying”) (Module 26)
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| Schachter-Singer theory of emotion | The belief that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues (Module 26)
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