| anal stage | According to Freud, a stage from 12–18 months to 3 years of age, in which a child's pleasure is centered on the anus (Module 31)
|
 |
|
|
| collective unconscious | A set of influences we inherit from our own particular ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| defense mechanisms | Unconscious strategies people use to reduce anxiety by concealing its source from themselves and others (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| ego | The part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| fixation | Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| genital stage | According to Freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (i.e., sexual intercourse) (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| id | The raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality, whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| identification | The process of trying to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| inferiority complex | According to Adler, a situation in which adults have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| latency period | According to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which children's sexual concerns are temporarily put aside (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| neo-Freudian psychoanalysts | Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| Oedipal conflict | A child's sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent, typically resolved through identification with the same-sex parent (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| oral stage | According to Freud, a stage from birth to 12–18 months, in which an infant's center of pleasure is the mouth (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| personality | The pattern of enduring characteristics that differentiate people—those behaviors that make each individual unique (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| phallic stage | According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child's interest focuses on the genitals (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| psychoanalytic theory | Freud's theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| superego | According to Freud, the final personality structure to develop that represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person's parents, teachers, and other important figures (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| unconscious | A part of the personality of which a person is not aware, and which is a potential determinant of behavior (Module 31)
|
|
|
|
| biological and evolutionary approaches to personality | The theory which suggests that important components of personality are inherited (Module 32)
|
|
|
|
| humanistic approaches to personality | The theory that emphasizes people's basic goodness and their tendency to grow to higher levels of functioning (Module 32)
|
|
|
|
| self-actualization | According to Rogers , a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential (Module 32)
|
|
|
|
| social cognitive approaches to personality | The theory that emphasizes the influence of a person's cognitions—thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values—in determining personality (Module 32)
|
|
|
|
| temperament | A basic, innate disposition that emerges early in life (Module 32)
|
|
|
|
| trait theory | A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality (Module 32)
|
|
|
|
| traits | Enduring dimensions of personality characteristics along which people differ (Module 32)
|
|
|
|
| unconditional positive regard | An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does (Module 32)
|
|
|
|
| behavioral assessment | Direct measures of an individual's behavior used to describe characteristics indicative of personality (Module 33)
|
|
|
|
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) | A test used to identify people with psychological difficulties as well as to predict such behavior as job performance (Module 33)
|
|
|
|
| projective personality test | A test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it (Module 33)
|
|
|
|
| psychological tests | Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively and used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves (Module 33)
|
|
|
|
| Rorschach test | A test developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach that consists of showing a series of symmetrical stimuli to people who are then asked what the figures represent to them (Module 33)
|
|
|
|
| test standardization | A technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses (Module 33)
|
|
|
|
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | A test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story (Module 33)
|