| Teacher sense of efficacy | Teacher believes that he/she is competent and in control of the classroom.
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| Direct teaching or instruction (expository teaching) | Teachers control instruction by presenting information, giving directions to the class, and using criticism; associated with teacher-centered, teacher-controlled classrooms; an instructional procedure for teaching content in the most efficient, straightforward way.
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| Expository teaching (direct instruction) | Occurs when teachers present information and direction to students. Teacher-centered, goal-oriented, structured approach to teaching.
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| Indirect teaching or instruction (learner-centered instruction) | Teachers provide students with experiences or information and then ask students for their observations and conclusions. Contrasts with direct instruction or expository teaching.
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| Pedagogy | The art and science of teaching; instruction in teaching methods.
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| Direct teaching or instruction (expository teaching) | Teachers control instruction by presenting information, giving directions to the class, and using criticism; associated with teacher-centered, teacher-controlled classrooms; an instructional procedure for teaching content in the most efficient, straightforward way.
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| Independent study | Any school-related assignment done more or less alone by students.
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| Individualized instruction | Instruction that attempts to tailor teaching and learning to a learner's unique strengths and needs.
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