| Cumulative record | A personal record kept for each school enrollee that contains personal information, home and family data, record of school attendance, school grades, standardized test scores, and teacher anecdotal comments.
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| Standardized tests | Tests that have controlled, consistent administration, scoring, and interpretation procedures. These tests allow a given student's score on a specific test to be compared with scores made by a very large number of similar students who have taken the same test.
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| Grade equivalent scores | Scores that describe the pupil's level of performance in comparison to pupils in a particular grade.
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| Anecdotal comments | Brief, teacher-written descriptions about students, usually found in school records.
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| Formal observation | Carefully planned observational efforts to obtain specific information about a target student or students.
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| Informal observation | Casual, unplanned observation of a student(s).
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| Formal interview | A structured, face-to-face meeting with the explicit purpose of obtaining specific information about the interviewee's experiences, views, likes, and so forth.
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| Informal interview | A face-to-face meeting that is more like casual conversation, allowing talk to flow naturally and spontaneously in more or less any direction.
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| Sociogram | Diagrammatic representation of the social relationships that exist within a group at a particular point in time.
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| Sociometry | Technique used to obtain information about the social acceptability of individuals within a group.
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| Case approach | Learning by studying and analyzing real situations. We can learn about and analyze many school events and phenomena by looking at cases such as those contained throughout the text.
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| Efficacy | Having a sense of control over one's circumstances.
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