Identifying Patterns of Organization

Read the following paragraphs and in the first space write a sentence in your own words stating the main idea. In the second space, write the pattern of organization.

Here again are the patterns of organization taken up in Chapter 5.

• chronological order
• spatial order
• deductive order
• inductive order

1			[In this passage, the narrator, Robinson Crusoe, describes an incident when he found a single footprint in the sand. He had been shipwrecked, and he had thought the island where he landed to be uninhabited.] It happened one day about noon. Going towards my boat, I was exceedingly surprised with the print of a man's naked foot on the shore, which was very plain to be seen in the sand. I stood like one thunderstruck, or as if I had seen an apparition: I listened, I looked around me, but I could hear nothing, nor see anything. I went up to a rising ground, to look further; I went up the shore and down the shore, but it was all one; I could see no other impression but that one. I went to it again to see if there were any more and to observe if it might not be my fancy; but there was no room for that, for there was exactly the print of a foot, toes, heel, and every part of a foot. How it came thither I knew not, nor could I in the least imagine; but, after innumerable fluttering thoughts, like a man perfectly confused and out of myself, I came home to my fortification, not feeling, as we say, the ground I went on, but terrified to the last degree, looking behind me at every two or three steps, mistaking every bush and tree, and fancying every stump at a distance to be a man. --Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe In the box below, please identify the main idea and the pattern of organization.
2			Every culture, in every time throughout history, has commemorated the transition of a human being from one state in life to another. Birth, the emergence into manhood, graduation from school at various levels, birthdays, marriage, death--each of these outstanding steps is acknowledged by a ceremony of some sort, always public, the guests in effect becoming witnesses to the statement of life's ongoingness, of the natural order of history. To insure the special significance of this rite of passage, its apartness from any other event of the day, these rituals usually require pageantry, costumed adornment, and are accompanied by gift-bearing and feasting. We wear black to funerals, bring presents to christenings and birthday parties, get loaded at wakes, eat ourselves sick at bar mitzvahs. Birth, marriage and death, to be sure, are the most elemental and major steps, and as there is only one of those ritual commemorations for which we are actually, fully present, the wedding becomes, for mankind, its most vital rite of passage. And for this reason it is anchored at the very core of civilization. --Marcia Seligson, The Eternal Bliss Machine: America's Way of Wedding In the box below, please identify the main idea and the pattern of organization.
3			The state of Washington is divided north to south by the great wall of the Cascade Range, a formidable barrier of high ridges and peaks rising from the Canadian to the Oregon border, dense with snow and conifers. West of these mountains lies terrain confirming what visitors expect of Washington-green forests, gray light, mist-covered saltwater, rain falling on a citizenry liberal in its sensibilities. To the east, though lies arid steppe, the sage lands of the mythic American West, a country of Republicans, wheatgrass, and rattlesnakes vaguely reminiscent of west Texas. In hue it is auburn, tan, and dun, broken by canyons of willow and sumac, bleached by the sun, desiccated. Whatever dies here remains like a warning-the mandible of a cow, the scapula of a horse, the feathers left from a coyote kill, the hide of a mule deer on the ground like a cloak, empty, vermin-infested. A hint of the lethal rides on the wind, in the desperate, waterless grass of the steppe, in the languorous stillness of afternoon, and in the futile expanse of the sky. Most prominent is the odor of sagebrush-Artemisia tridentata, named for the virgin huntress, Artemis, goddess of wild nature-its clean, astringent, and erotic fragrance freshly powerful at the hour of dawn. --David Guterson, "The Kingdom of Apples," Harper's In the box below, please identify the main idea and the pattern of organization.
4			During the spawning season, a female darter lays around six hundred eggs in the swift water of the gravel shoals in the shallowest parts of a river. The eggs, rolling along the bottom, have a sticky exterior, and will fasten onto a stone. There, for about two weeks, the embryos inside develop. Upon hatching, they drift downstream to a pool of deep water--if they are lucky, that is; infant mortality as with most fish, is very high. Probably less than one or two per cent of the eggs laid produce adults. All kinds of darters, including snail darters, probably eat snail-darter eggs and larvae. The deep-water pools act as snail-darter nurseries. For some weeks, the larvae live on the unconsumed egg yolk they carry with them. They are strange, still embryonic-looking things, less than a quarter of an inch long. After the egg yolk is gone, they stay in the pool, feeding on microcrustaceans through the summer. By fall, the diet shifts to snails, and the fish make their way back upstream in the shallows. --Eugene Kinkead, "Tennessee Small Fry, " The New Yorker In the box below, please identify the main idea and the pattern of organization.
5			We have a good idea why the two species of big cats [tigers and lions], despite their historical proximity, failed to hybridize in nature. First, they liked different habitats. Lions stayed mostly in open savanna and grassland and tigers in forests, although the segregation was far from perfect. Second, their behavior was and is radically different in ways that count for the choice of mates. Lions are the only social cats. They live in prides, whose enduring centers are closely bonded females and their young. Upon maturing, males leave their birth pride and join other groups, often as pairs of brothers. The adult males and females hunt together, with the females taking the lead role. Tigers, like all other cat species except lions, are solitary. The males produce a different urinary scent from that of lions to mark their territories and approach one another and the females only briefly during the breeding season. In short, there appears to have been little opportunity for adults of the two species to meet and bond long enough to produce offspring. --Edwin O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life In the box below, please identify the main idea and the pattern of organization.