The Nature of Morality
Ethics (The Problem of Morality)
Applied Ethics
Euthanasia
Capital Punishment
Subjectivism
Emotivism
Divine Command Theory
Egoism
Ayn Rand on the Virtue of Selfishness
Act-Utilitarianism
Rule Utilitarianism
Categorical Imperative
Pluralistic Formalism
Contractarianism
Libertarianism
Virtue Ethics
Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill
Immanuel Kant
John Rawls
Alasdair MacIntyre
Aristotle
The Buddha

The Nature of Morality : How complex are your moral principles?

Morality Play
( http://www.philosophers.co.uk/games/morality_play.htm )
A game designed to test the parsimoniousness of your moral principles from The Philosophers' Magazine Online

Universal Human Rights

The Challenge of Human Rights and Cultural Diversity
(http://www.un.org/rights/dpi1627e.htm)
“United Nations Background Note” on the tension between Universal Human Rights and Cultural Relativism

Cultural Relativism of Human Rights
(http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-8-2003_pg3_3)
A Pakistani newspaper op-ed on cultural relativism vs. universal human rights

Are Human Rights Universal? The Relativist Challenge and Related Matters
(http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v019/19.3perry.html)
Extensive article on human rights by Michael J. Perry

Ethics (The Problem of Morality)

Morality Play
(http://www.philosophers.co.uk/games/morality_play.htm)
Interactive questionnaire to test the parsimoniousness of your ethical system by The Philosophers' Magazine Online

Ethics Surveys: Basic Moral Orientation
(http://ethics.sandiego.edu/ActiveWebSurvey/General/MoralOrientations.html)
Survey to determine your basic moral orientation from Ethics Update

Ethics Case Studies
(http://ethics.sandiego.edu/resources/cases/HomeOverview.asp)
Numerous ethics case studies from Lawrence Hinman's Ethics Updates (University of San Diego)

The Definition of Morality
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/morality-definition/)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Ethics
(http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/ethics.htm)
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Ethics
(http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555614/Ethics.html)
Encarta article

Ethics
(http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics)
Wikipedia article

Ethics
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05556a.htm)
Catholic Encyclopedia article

Moral Theories: An Overview
(http://www.sandiego.edu/~janderso/132/over1.html)
Chart of various ethical theories and their relation to one another with links to further discussions by Jim Anderson (University of San Diego)

Ethics Updates
(http://ethics.sandiego.edu/index.html)
Extensive collection of web resources dealing with ethics compiled by Lawrence Hinman (University of San Diego)

Ethics
(http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/e9.htm#eth)
Definition and suggested links by Garth Kemerling

Applied Ethics

Applied Ethics Resources on WWW
(http://www.ethicsweb.ca/resources/)
Large assortment of applied ethics links from the Centre for Applied Ethics (University of British Columbia)

Markkula Center for Applied Ethics
(http://www.scu.edu/ethics/)
Site containing articles, cases, briefings, etc. and applied ethics links from Santa Clara University

Applied Ethics links
(http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Topics.aspx?TopiCode=AppE)
EpistemeLink link collection

Euthanasia

Voluntary Euthanasia
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Euthanasia
(http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761562836)
Encarta article

"A Defense of Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS)"
(http://www.euthanasia7.com/?src=overture)
An argument in favor of physician-assisted suicide by Fred Lykes.

Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide
(http://www.religioustolerance.org/euthanas.htm)
Detailed overview of the issue and current legal situation from ReligiousTolerance.org

Euthanasia and End-of-Life Decisions
(http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Applied/Euthanasia/index.html)
Collection of web resources from Lawrence Hinman's Ethics Updates (University of San Diego)

International Task Force on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
(http://www.internationaltaskforce.org/index.htm)
FAQs, information about advanced directives, the situation in the Netherlands, etc. from a perspective that opposes legalization

Euthanasia.com
(http://www.euthanasia.com/)
Collection of articles from organization against euthanasia

Compassion & Choices
(http://www.compassionandchoices.org/)
Home page of an organization "promoting end-of-life choice"

Capital Punishment

Capital Punishment
(http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/capitalp.htm)
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Capital punishment
(http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment)
Wikipedia article

Capital Punishment
(http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761570630)
Encarta article

Capital Punishment (the Death Penalty)
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12565a.htm)
Catholic Encyclopedia article discussing history of capital punishment across the world

Capital Punishment Statistics
(http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cp.htm)
Statistical information about those sentenced to the death penalty from the U.S. Department of Justice

Capital Punishment--The Death Penalty: Pro and Anti
(http://www.religioustolerance.org/executb.htm)
Detailed overview of the issue, current legal situation, and arguments on both sides from ReligiousTolerance.org

Punishment and the Death Penalty
(http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Applied/DeathPenalty/index.html)
Collection of web resources from Lawrence Hinman's Ethics Updates (University of San Diego)

Website Against the Death Penalty
(http://web.amnesty.org/pages/deathpenalty-index-eng)
Arguments against the death penalty from Amnesty International

The Death Penalty and the Catholic Church
(http://www.americancatholic.org/news/deathpenalty/ )
Site with information on the death penalty and the Catholic Church's opposition to it

Executing the Innocent
(http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Huma/HumaLine.htm)
Article opposing capital punishment by Elizabeth A. Linehan (St. Joseph's University) for Paideia

The Case Against the Death Penalty
(http://www.aclu.org/DeathPenalty/DeathPenalty.cfm?ID=9082&c=17)
Lengthy discussion by Hugo Adam Bedau (Tufts University)

Capital Punishment and Human Rights
(http://radicalacademy.com/capitalpunish.htm)
Essay on the incompatibility of accepting both natural rights theory and capital punishment by Dr. Jonathan Dolhenty (The Radical Academy)

The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/angel/procon/haagarticle.html)
Article in favor of capital punishment by Ernest van den Haag (Fordham University)

Speech in Favor of Capital Punishment
(http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Mill.html)
Speech given in 1868 by John Stuart Mill; text from Lawrence Hinman's Ethics Updates (University of San Diego)

Wesley Lowe's Pro Capital Punishment Webpage
(http://www.wesleylowe.com/cp.html)
Detailed set of arguments for the death penalty

Pro-Death Penalty.com
(http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/)
Collection of resources from a group in favor of capital punishment

The Death Penalty: A Defense
(http://www.yesdeathpenalty.com/deathpenalty.htm)
Online book supporting capital punishment by David Anderson

Subjectivism

Internet Resources on Moral Reativism
(http://ethics.sandiego.edu/theories/Relativism/index.html)
Collection of web resources from Lawrence Hinman's Ethics Updates (University of San Diego)

Moral relativism
(http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_relativism)
Wikipedia article

Is Morality a Matter of Taste?
(http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=schick_18_4)
Article by Theodore Schick (Muhlenberg College)

Rachels Chapter 3: Subjectivism in Ethics
(http://www.wutsamada.com/alma/ethics/rachels3.htm)
Lecture notes on simple subjectivism and emotivism by Larry Hauser (Alma College)

Rachels Chapter 3: Ethical Subjectivism
(http://www.public.iastate.edu/~cfehr/230%20Rachels%20ch3.htm)
Lecture notes on simple subjectivism and emotivism by Carla Fehr (Iowa State University)

Emotivism

Non-cognitivism
(http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cognitivism)
Wikipedia article

Emotivism
(http://www.faithnet.org.uk/A2%20Subjects/Ethics/emotivism.htm)
Discussion from Faithnet

Cultural Relativism

Ethical Relativism
(http://www.ccaurora.edu/phi112/relativism.htm)
Outline lecture notes by Sharon Janusz (Community College of Aurora)

Ethical Relativism
(http://www.nwmissouri.edu/~rfield/274overview.html#ethical%20relativism)
Detailed discussion of the implications of individual and cultural relativism by Richard Field (Northwest Missouri State University)

Relativism
(http://www.friesian.com/relative.htm)
Detailed discussion by Kelley Ross (Friesian School Proceedings)

Ethical Relativism
(http://www.scu.edu/SCU/Centers/Ethics/publications/iie/v5n2/relativism.html)
Article by Claire Andre and Manuel Velasquez from Issues in Ethics, 1992; summarizes and criticizes ethical relativism

The Myth of Moral Relativism
(http://radicalacademy.com/ethicsmyth.htm)
Essay criticizing ethical relativism by Dr. Jonathan Dolhenty (The Radical Academy)

Philosophical problems with moral relativism
(http://www.equip.org/free/DA241.htm)
Article by Francis J. Beckwith (CRI)

Relativism
(http://www.carm.org/relativism.htm)
Criticism of various sorts of relativism, including ethical relativism from a Christian perspective (CARN)

Famous cultural relativists
(http://www.quantonics.com/Famous_CRites.html)
List of ethical relativists from Quantonics

The Truth in Ethical Relativism
(http://www.stpt.usf.edu/hhl/papers/relative.htm)
Article by Hugh LaFollette (University of South Florida St. Petersburg) from Journal of Social Philosophy, 1991

The Moral Attractions of Relativism: A Critique
(http://www.stier.net/writing/rel/rel.htm)
In-depth essay by Mark Stier (Temple University)

Ethical Relativism, Universalism, Absolutism
(http://www.tamucc.edu/~sencerz/relat.htm)
Overview of various positions and several arguments for them by Stefan Sencerz and Andy Piker (Texas A&M)

Ethical Relativism, Absolutism, and Pluralism
(http://ethics.acusd.edu/presentations/Theory/Relativism/index_files/frame.html)
PowerPoint presentation by Lawrence Hinman (University of San Diego)

Divine Command Theory

Divine Command Theory
(http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/divinecommandtheory.html)
Definition from the philosophyofreligion.info

Nonconsequentialist Theories of Obligation
(http://www.hu.mtu.edu/~tlockha/h2700nonconsequentialism.doc)
PDF download. Overview of divine command theory, natural law theory, and Kant's ethical theory by Ted Lockhart (Michigan Tech University)

The Divine Command Theory of Ethics
(http://www.faithnet.org.uk/AS%20Subjects/Ethics/divinecommand.htm)
Discussion from Faithnet

Morality Requires God... or Does It?
(http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=schick_17_3)
Article by Theodore Schick, Jr. for Free Inquiry magazine

Hell
(http://www.rotten.com/library/religion/hell/)
Rotten.com article on Hell

What the hell is Hell?
(http://what-the-hell-is-hell.com/)
A site full of information on hell

Hell
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heaven-hell/)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Hell

Arguments for Universalism
(http://www.vexen.co.uk/religion/universalism.html)
This page presents arguments for “Christian Universalism,” which is the belief that all beings go to heaven.

Universalism in Christianity
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalism#Universalism_in_Christianity)
Christian Universalism on Wikipedia

Egoism

Egoism
(http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/egoism.htm)
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Egoism
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05328a.htm)
Catholic Encyclopedia article

Ethical egoism
(http://www.mit.edu/~shaslang/2400-01/egoism01.html)
Overview notes by Sally Haslanger (MIT)

Varieties of Egoism and Hedonism
(http://faculty.washington.edu/wtalbott/phil240/trego.htm)
Overview and discussion of related arguments by William J. Talbott (University of Washington)

A Survey of Selected Internet Resources on Ethical Egoism
(http://ethics.sandiego.edu/theories/Egoism/index.html)
Collection of web resources from Lawrence Hinman's Ethics Updates (University of San Diego)

Egoism
(http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/e.htm#ego)
Definition and suggested links by Garth Kemerling

Ayn Rand on the Virtue of Selfishness

Virtue of Selfishness
(http://www.objectivistcenter.org/cth--406-FAQ_Virtue_Selfishness.aspx)
Article on Ayn Rand's concept of selfishness

Ayn Rand
(http://www.iep.utm.edu/r/rand.htm)
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Rand

Act-Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism
(http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism)
Wikipedia article

Utilitarianism
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15241c.htm)
Catholic Encyclopedia article

Utilitarianism
(http://www.mit.edu/~shaslang/2400-01/util(mill)01.html)
Overview notes by Sally Haslanger (MIT)

Utilitarianism
(http://www.faithnet.org.uk/AS%20Subjects/Ethics/utilitarianism.htm)
Discussion from Faithnet

Philosophy 361 Course Materials: Lectures on Mill's Utilitarianism
(http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sdarwall/Phil361b.html)
Lecture notes for an ethics course, including 5 on Mill's ethics, by Szephen Darwall (University of Michigan)

Utilitarian.org
(http://utilitarian.org/one.html)
Collection of links on utilitarianism with focus on altruistic implications

Utilitarianism
(http://ethics.sandiego.edu/theories/Utilitarianism/index.html)
Collection of web resources from Lawrence Hinman's Ethics Updates (University of San Diego)

Greatest Happiness Principle
(http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/g9.htm#grhp)
Definition and suggested links by Garth Kemerling

Rule Utilitarianism

Rule-Utilitarianism
(http://www.utilitarianism.com/ruleutil.htm)
Definition from The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy

Rule utilitarianism
(http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/r9.htm#rulu)
Definition and suggested links by Garth Kemerling

Categorical Imperative

Immanuel Kant: Metaphysics
(http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/k/kantmeta.htm)
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article covering both Kant's theoretical philosophy and his moral philosophy

Immanuel Kant and the Categorical Imperative
(http://www.faithnet.org.uk/A2%20Subjects/Ethics/catergoricalimperative.htm)
Discussion from Faithnet

Notes on the 2nd Form of the Categorical Imperative
(http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/ap85/051/2ndcatimp.html)
Lecture notes on Kant's notion of respect by Alexander R. Pruss (Georgetown University)

Kant and Kantian Ethics
(http://ethics.sandiego.edu/theories/Kant/index.html)
Collection of web resources from Lawrence Hinman's Ethics Updates (University of San Diego)

Pluralistic Formalism

Ross, W. D.
(http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/r9.htm#ross)
Brief biography by Garth Kemerling

W. D. Ross' Moral Theory
(http://www.hu.mtu.edu/~tlockha/hu329ov8.htm)
Lecture notes by Ted Lockhart (Michigan Tech University)

Ross
(http://www.jcu.edu/philosophy/gensler/ms/ross--00.htm)
Discussion of key elements of Ross' moral theory by Harry J. Gensler (John Carroll University)

Sir David Ross' Pluralistic Theory of Duty (The Beginnings)
(http://www.manitowoc.uwc.edu/staff/awhite/ken95.htm)
In-depth discussion by Ken Cooley (University of Wisconsin)

Contractarianism

Contractarianism
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Original Position
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/original-position/)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on Rawls' notion of the original position

Notes on John Rawls
(http://infotech.fanshawec.on.ca/faculty/jedicke/rawls.htm)
Overview of major themes by Peter Jedicke (Fanshawe College)

Rawls: The Original Position
(http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/y64l13.html)
Lecture by R. J. Kilcullen (Macquarie University)

Libertarianism

Libertarianism
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Critiques of Libertarianism
(http://world.std.com/~mhuben/libindex.html)
Collection of articles against libertarianism

Libertarianism: A Primer
(http://www.libertarianism.org/)
On-line book about libertarianism by David Boaz

The Libertarian FAQ
(http://www.self-gov.org/libfaq.html)
Frequently asked questions about libertarianism

What is Libertarianism?
(http://www.quebecoislibre.org/philo2.htm)
Article by Martin Masse

The Strange Rise of Libertarianism
(http://www.salon.com/jan97/state970120.html)
Salon.com article by Gary Kamiya

Virtue Ethics

Integrity
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrity/)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Virtue Theory
(http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/virtue.htm)
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Ethics and Virtue
(http://www.scu.edu/SCU/Centers/Ethics/practicing/decision/ethicsandvirtue.html)
Overview of virtue ethics from the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics (Santa Clara University)

Virtue of ethics and core values
(http://www.usafa.af.mil/jscope/JSCOPE99/Tiel99.html)
Detailed discussion of virtue ethics, criticisms virtue ethicists make of other ethical theories, problematic and advantageous aspects of virtue ethics, etc. by Jeffrey R. Tiel (Ashland University)

Virtue Ethics and Leadership
(http://www.usafa.af.mil/jscope/JSCOPE98/PFAFF98.htm)
Essay discussing how virtue ethics can help ground leadership in a way that utilitarian and rule-based theories can't; by Cpt. Charles A. Pfaff (West Point)

Literature on Aristotle and Virtue Ethics
(http://ethics.sandiego.edu/theories/Aristotle/index.html)
Collection of web resources from Lawrence Hinman's Ethics Updates (University of San Diego)

Virtue
(http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/v9.htm#virtue)
Definition and suggested links by Garth Kemerling

Jeremy Bentham

Bentham, Jeremy
(http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bentham.htm)
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Benthamism
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02482b.htm)
Catholic Encyclopedia article

Biographies: Jeremy Bentham
(http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Bentham.htm)
Discussion of Bentham's life and philosophy by lawyer and lecturer Peter Landry

The Bentham Project
(http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/)
Biography, online texts, etc.; maintained by Irena Nicoll (University College London)

Bentham links
(http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Bent)
EpistemeLink link collection

Bentham, Jeremy
(http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/b2.htm#bent)
Brief biography by Garth Kemerling

John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill
(http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm)
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

John Stuart Mill
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

John Stuart Mill: Life and Works
(http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/mill.htm)
Discussion of life and thought by Garth Kemerling

Biographies: John Stuart Mill
(http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Mill.htm)
Discussion of Mill's life and philosophy by lawyer and lecturer Peter Landry

Mill links
(http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Mill)
EpistemeLink link collection

Immanuel Kant

Philosophy of Immanuel Kant
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08603a.htm)
Catholic Encyclopedia article

Immanuel Kant
(http://www.faithnet.org.uk/Philosophy/kant.htm)
Discussion from Faithnet

Kant on the Web
(http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/Kant.html)
Useful set of links collected by Steve Palmquist (Hong Kong Baptist University)

Kant links
(http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Kant)
EpistemeLink link collection

Immanuel Kant: Life and Works
(http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/kant.htm)
Discussion of life and thought by Garth Kemerling

John Rawls

John Rawls
(http://cepa.newschool.edu/~het/profiles/rawls.htm)
Brief biography, list of works, and links from The History of Economic Thought Website (New School University)

John Rawls Awarded National Humanities Medal
(http://www.hup.harvard.edu/Awards/rawls_nhm.html/t_blank/)
Notice from Harvard University Press

Rawls links
(http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Rawl)
EpistemeLink link collection

Alasdair MacIntyre

The Achievement of Alasdair MacIntyre
http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft9608/oakes.html
Overview of Alasdair MacIntyre's contribution to ethics by Edward Oakes.

Notes on “After Virtue”
http://www.home.duq.edu/~arnett/virtue.htm
Chapter by chapter notes on “After Virtue” by Ronald Arnett.

Alasdair MacIntyre
http://www.philosophers.co.uk/cafe/phil_oct2002.htm
Description of Alasdair MacIntyre's main themes by Matthew Ray.

Bibliography of the Works of Alasdair MacIntyre
http://www.uoguelph.ca/philosophy/macintyre/
Bibliography of Alasdair MacIntyre's works compiled by William Hughes.

Aristotle

Aristotle's Ethics
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Aristotle
(http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl.htm)
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article

Aristotle
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01713a.htm)
Catholic Encyclopedia article

Greek Philosophy: Aristotle
(http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/ARIST.HTM)
Overview of some central ideas by Richard Hooker (Washington State University)

Aristotle
(http://www.faithnet.org.uk/Philosophy/aristotle.htm)
Discussion from Faithnet

Aristotle links
(http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Aris)
EpistemeLink link collection

Aristotle: Life and Works
(http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/aris.htm)
Discussion of life and thought by Garth Kemerling

The Buddha

The Middle Way
(http://buddhism.about.com/cs/theravada/a/MiddleWay.htm)
Article on Buddha's teachings of moderation

The Eightfold Path
(http://buddhism.about.com/library/bleightpath.htm)
Article on Buddhism's Eightfold Path

A View from the Buddhist Middle Way
http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1997/apr/clark.html
A history of the middle way by Ian Clark.