List of Boxes Preface PART 1. The Universe of Crime and Justice 1 Chapter 1. Criminal Justice: Introduction and Overview Criminal Justice: The Origins of a Young Discipline Creating a Criminal Justice System Criminal Justice as a System Models of the Criminal Justice System The Goals The Means Stages of the Criminal Justice Process Entry into the System Decisions by Victims Decisions by the Police Legal Standards The Right to Counsel Prosecution and Pretrial Services The Judicial Decision to Release The Preliminary Hearing The Decision to Charge and to Indict Plea Bargaining Adjudication and Sentencing Corrections Community Decisions Institutional Decisions Release and Parole Decisions Diversion Looking Ahead: A Preview of This Book Review Thinking, Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: 21st Century Challenge: Violent Crime Declined in 2001-0nce Again! Why? In Their Own Words: Rosanne Russo, Assistant Special Agent in Charge, FBI, Philadelphia Division Crime Scene: Night Court: Gateway to the Criminal Justice System Chapter 2. Crime and Criminals Types of Crime Violent Crime Homicide Assault Rape and Sexual Assault Robbery Terrorism Property and Economic Crimes Fraud High-tech Crimes Burglary Arson White-collar and Corporate Crime 52 Organized Crime Crimes against Public Morality: Drugs, Alcohol,and Vice Counting Crime Sources of Information The Amount of Crime Arrests Explaining Criminal Behavior Biology and Crime Psychology and Criminality Biological and Psychological Explanations: Practical Applications Sociology and Criminality Sociological Explanations: Practical Applications Situational Crime Prevention Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: In Their Own Words: Htlica Gonzalez, Care Manager, The Women's Shelter, Inc., Corpus Christi, Texas 21st Century Challenge: Emerging Ethnic Organized Crime Groups Crime Scene: Gangsta Rap: Subculture of Violence? Chapter 3. The Criminal Law The Criminal Law and Its Seven Basic Principles 1. Legality: Is There a Law That Makes Something Criminal? 2. Conduct: Only the Acts of Persons Can Be Covered by Criminal Law 3. Harm: Protecting a Legally Recognized Value 4. Causation: Bringing about the Harm 5. Mens Rea (Guilty Mind): Criminal Intent 6. The Concurrence Requirement 7. The Punishment Requirement The Principles Applied: Defenses Excuses Justifications The Arithmetic of Crime Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: You Be the Judge! Does Unconsciousness Preclude Criminal Liability? Criminal Justice in Action: The Act Requirement You Be the Judge! When is There Insufficient Evidence of Causation? You Be the Judge! What Evidence Satisfies an Inference of Intent? You Be the Judge! Can Corporations Be Charged with Crimes? Criminal Justice in Action: Creation of Law: Always a Rational Effort? You Be the Judge! What Kind of Evidence Satisfies the Defense of Necessity? In Their Own Words: Thomas King, Detective, Retired, Philadelphia Police Department PART 2. The Police Chapter 4. History and Organization of the Police The History of American Police The Expanding West The East: Urban Riots The Problem of Political Control Police Systems in the United States Chain of Command Division of Labor The Eight-hour Shift Rules and Regulations The Federal System The Federal Bureau of Investigation The Drug Enforcement Administration The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Immigration and Naturalization Service The U.S. Secret Service Other Federal Law Enforcement Agencies State and Local Systems State Police County Police Municipal Police Forces Special Purpose Police Private Police Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice 130 Internet Connection Notes Boxes: Crime Scene: The KGB-Controlling Intelligence 21st Century Challenge: Stopping the Flow of Illegal Immigrants In Their Own Words: Tom Harrington, Acting Special Agent in Charge, Philadelphia FBI Chapter 5. Police Functions Managing Police Functions Management Styles Alternatives to Traditional Management Styles Community Policing Police-Community Relations Programs Citizen Involvement The Service Function Coping with Injury and illness Coping with the Mentally III Order Maintenance Patrol: The Basic Technique Types of Patrol Evaluating Traditional Techniques New Policing Strategies The Law Enforcement Function Criminal Investigation Law Enforcement Priorities Today New Challenges: Post 9-11 Controversial Law Enforcement Techniques Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: 21st Century Challenge: Cyberpolicing: Law Enforcement in the Nebulous World of the Information Superhighway In Their Own Words: Elliot M. Gross, M.D., Inter-County Medical Examiner, Counties of Cape May and Cumberland, NJ; Chief Medical Examiner, City of New York, 1979-1987; Chief Medical Examiner, State of Connecticut, 1970-1979 Crime Scene: Road Rage Chapter 6. The Police Culture Selecting Police Officers Qualifications Changing Composition of the Police Force Minority Groups in Policing Women in Policing The Police Subculture Socialization of New Recruits The Police Personality Styles of Policing Stress Behind the Blue Curtain Corruption The Range of Corrupt Activities Controlling Corruption Unionization Challenges to Police Unions Police Unions Today Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: In Their Own Words: Hubert Williams, President,. Police Foundation Crime Scene: Affirmative Action: Police Sensitivity and the Community Crime Scene: Police Stress Chapter 7. The Rule of Law in Law Enforcement Criminal Justice Under the Constitution Federal Criminal Justice: The Bill of Rights State Criminal Justice: Selective Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Fourth Amendment: Unreasonable Searches and Seizures Search and Seizure Warrant1ess Searches Arrests Fifth Amendment: Self-incrimination The Self-incrimination Privilege The Miranda Warnings Enforcing Constitutional Rights: The Exclusionary Rule Mapp v. Ohio(1961) Exceptions to the Rule The Demise of Mapp v. Ohio? Alternatives to the Rule Illegally Seized Persons The Use and Abuse of Force The Ultimate Seizure of the Person: Deadly Force Abuse of Force Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes
Boxes: 21st Century Challenge: A Dime's Worth of Privacy Goes a Long Way Crime Scene: Cokie and Rosa: Famous Balloon Swallowers In Their Own Words: Joe Waters, Captain, Philadelphia Police Department PART 3. The Courts Chapter 8. The Origin and Role of the Courts Origin of America's Courts Colonial Courts Courts for a New Nation State Courts: Organization and Role Courts of Limited or Special Jurisdiction Courts of General Jurisdiction Appellate Courts Intermediate Appellate Courts and Supreme Courts Federal Courts: Organization and Role Federal Magistrates United States District Courts United States Circuit Courts of Appeal The Supreme Court of the United States Interaction between State Courts and Federal Courts Appeal and the Writ of Certiorari Habeas Corpus The Future of the Courts: Issues Federal Issues State Issues Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: In Their Own Words: Ross D. London, Former Judge, Municipal Court, Hoboken, New Jersey 21st Century Challenge: Drug Courts Crime Scene: The Supreme Court and Public Opinion Chapter 9. Lawyers and Judges Prosecution Roles and Duties Federal Prosecutors State Prosecutors Politics and Policy Discretion Defense Counsel Roles and Duties Private Defense Counsel Public Defenders Ethical Issues Judges Roles and Duties Types of Judges Qualifications and Background Selection Other Court Personnel Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: Crime Scene: A Day in the Life of a Rookie DA In Their Own Words: Delores D. Jones-Brown, Assistant Professor, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, and Former Assistant Prosecutor, Monmouth County, Freehold, New Jersey 21st Century Challenge: Black Robes and White Justice Chapter 10. Criminal Prosecution and Adjudication No Trial Diversion Evaluation of Diversion Programs Pretrial Pretrial Release Pretrial Detention The Plea Plea Bargaining Trial Voir Dire Opening Statements The Prosecution's Case The Defense's Case Closing Arguments and Instructions Jury Deliberations Sentencing Posttrial Rights to Appeal Appellate Review Appellate Process Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: 21st Century Challenge: Stacking the Deck: Using Science to Pick the Right Jury Crime Scene: Court TV In Their Own Words: Terri Kopp, Counsel, Legal Aid Society, New York Chapter 11. Sentencing Purposes and Goals of the Criminal Sanction Retribution Just Desserts Deterrence Incapacitation Rehabilitation Mixed Goals The Choice of a Sanction Structuring Sentences Indeterminate Sentences Determinate Sentences Mandatory Sentences Sentencing Guidelines Capital Punishment The Deterrence Argument The Discrimination Argument Other Arguments The Future of the Death Penalty Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: Crime Scene: Corporal Punishment: A Tale of Two Citizens In Their Own Words: Deborah W. Denno, Professor of Law, Fordham University School of Law; Death Penalty Researcher 21st Century Challenge: A New Crime: Hate; A New Punishment: Sentence- Enhancement PART 4. Corrections Chapter 12. Corrections: Yesterday and Today The History of Institutional Corrections The Workhouse Movement The Penitentiary Movement The Reformatory Movement The Rehabilitation Model Major Developments in American Corrections The Prisoners' Rights Movement The Impact of the Prisoners' Rights Movement The Rebirth of Retribution Philosophy Institutional Corrections Today Jails Prisons Federal Prison System State Prison Systems Institutions for Women Co-correctional Facilities The Size and Cost of the Corrections Enterprise The Size of the System The Cost of the System Privatization of Corrections Effectiveness of Privatization Trends in Privatization Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: 21st Century Challenge: Lockups and Jails: Conditions Worsen In Their Own Words: P. F. McManimon, Jr., Warden (Ret.), Mercer County Detention Center Crime Scene: Prison Violence: Protection in a Dangerous Environment Chapter 13. Institutional Corrections Custody/Security Rules and Regulations Classification Corrections Officers Living with Convicts Who Are the Inmates? The Deprivation Model The Importation Model A New Prison Society Prison Violence and Overcrowding Life in a Women's Prison New Goals The Rehabilitation Approach Vocational Training and Prison Industries Educational Programs Recreation Health Problems Mental Health Drug and Alcohol Abuse Religion in Prison Furloughs Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: 21st Century Challenge: Prison Overcrowding: Where are the Limits? In Their Own Words: Roberta Richman, Warden, Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Women's Facilities 21st Century Challenge: Growing Old Behind Gray Walls Chapter 14. Alternatives: Community Corrections Probation The Benefits of Probation Revocation of Probation Probation Officers Effectiveness of Probation Parole Origins of Parole The Decision to Parole Revocation of Parole Parole Officers Effectiveness of Parole Intermediate Sanctions Pardons and Monetary Sanctions Restitution to Victims Intensive Supervision Programs Shock Programs Residential Programs Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring Community Service Evaluation of Alternative Programs Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: 21st Century Challenge: Unintended Consequences of Megan's Law In Their Own Words: John Lilly, Director, Day Reporting Program, Atlantic County Correctional Institution, Mays Landing, New Jersey Cri111£ Scene: Public Humiliation: An Effective Form of Punishment PART 5. Challenges for the Twenty-first Century Chapter 15. Justice for Juveniles, Victims, and the Global Village The Challenge of Juvenile Justice Approaches to Juvenile Delinquency In re Gault: A Landmark Case Treating Juveniles as Adults Changing the Juvenile Justice Process The Challenge of Victimology: Toward Restorative Justice The Rediscovery of the Victim Compensation for Victims of Crime The Promise of Restorative Justice Case Study: A New Approach to Juvenile Offending The Challenge of Globalization Globalization Transnational Crimes International Crimes Review Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice Internet Connection Notes Boxes: Crime Scene: Stalking 21st Century Challenge: Globalization Affects Everything In Their Own Words: M. Cherif Bassiouni, Professor of Law, DePaul University; Chairman, U.N. Security Council Commission to Investigate Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia,1992-1994 APPENDIX 1. The Constitution of the United States of America APPENDIX 2. Career Guide Glossary Acknowledgments Index | 
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