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| 1 | |
The term ____________ refers to any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience. |
| | A) | classical conditioning |
| | B) | learning |
| | C) | operant conditioning |
| | D) | conditioning |
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| 2 | |
Classical conditioning was first discovered by |
| | A) | B. F. Skinner. |
| | B) | John B. Watson. |
| | C) | Edward Thorndike. |
| | D) | Ivan Pavlov. |
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| 3 | |
The key element in classical conditioning is |
| | A) | timing. |
| | B) | reflexive behavior. |
| | C) | learning. |
| | D) | association. |
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| 4 | |
Samantha got sick one evening after eating sushi for dinner. Even though she actually had the flu, the thought of eating sushi now makes her nauseated. In this case, thinking about sushi is a(n) |
| | A) | unconditioned stimulus. |
| | B) | unconditioned response. |
| | C) | conditioned response. |
| | D) | conditioned stimulus. |
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| 5 | |
Mary Cover Jones successfully reduced the fear of rabbits in a little boy named Peter by gradually pairing a rabbit with cookies. The process she used is called |
| | A) | classical conditioning. |
| | B) | counterconditioning. |
| | C) | aversion therapy. |
| | D) | operant conditioning. |
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| 6 | |
Which type of learning is best defined as "the form of learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its occurrence"? |
| | A) | classical conditioning. |
| | B) | insight learning. |
| | C) | operant conditioning. |
| | D) | observational learning. |
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| 7 | |
Mrs. Wahl wants Tina to play with her classmates, rather than to spend time with her teachers, so every time Tina plays with her classmates, Mrs. Wahl smiles at her. Assuming that this technique works to increase Tina's interactions with her classmates, Mrs. Wahl's smile would be considered |
| | A) | positive reinforcement. |
| | B) | negative reinforcement. |
| | C) | positive punishment. |
| | D) | behavior extinction. |
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| 8 | |
Mr. Riklis plays games in his class to teach his students a foreign language. He'll pick a word for the students to find in a paragraph and the first student to find the word is rewarded with a candy bar. The candy bar is a |
| | A) | tertiary reinforcer. |
| | B) | primary reinforcer. |
| | C) | secondary reinforcer. |
| | D) | bribe. |
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| 9 | |
When Trooper the rat was first put into the Skinner box, he did not know that he was expected to press a lever. To get him to engage in that behavior, his student handlers reinforced him for responses that got closer and closer to pressing the lever, beginning with Trooper approaching the side of the cage that contained the lever. Through this process, which is called __________, Trooper eventually learned to press the lever. |
| | A) | shaping |
| | B) | variable ratio schedules |
| | C) | modeling |
| | D) | gradual learning |
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| 10 | |
By giving in to her boyfriend's demands, Tara is able to get him to stop yelling at her. Because he stops yelling, Tara is more likely to increase her behavior of doing what her boyfriend wants. This increase in Tara's behavior demonstrates |
| | A) | positive reinforcement. |
| | B) | escape conditioning. |
| | C) | extinction. |
| | D) | punishment. |
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| 11 | |
The use of punishment to reduce the frequency of unwanted behavior |
| | A) | may involve ethical issues and serious dangers. |
| | B) | is usually more effective than the use of reinforcement. |
| | C) | is just as effective as reinforcement. |
| | D) | is the same as using negative reinforcement. |
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| 12 | |
Morebucks, a Labrador retriever, will get her ball when her human companion says, "Morebucks, get your ball." When her human companion says, "Morebucks, get your toy," the dog will bring back a toy, not the ball. This demonstrates the principle of learning called |
| | A) | spontaneous recovery. |
| | B) | cognitive learning. |
| | C) | stimulus discrimination. |
| | D) | stimulus generalization. |
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| 13 | |
When a learned response stops occurring because the aspect of the environment that originally caused the learning changes, what phenomenon has occurred? |
| | A) | punishment |
| | B) | extinction |
| | C) | counter-conditioning |
| | D) | disinhibition |
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| 14 | |
Research by Edward C. Tolman suggests that the rats he worked with |
| | A) | learned patterns of muscle movements that allowed them to find food in a maze. |
| | B) | developed cognitive maps of where food was located relative to the starting place in the maze. |
| | C) | relied on both cognitive processes and muscle movements to find food in a maze. |
| | D) | learned where food could be located in a maze through insight—a sudden cognitive change that solved the problem. |
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| 15 | |
One group of rats was reinforced with food from the first day of an experiment. It took them a week to increase their speed by ten seconds. Another group of rats was not reinforced until the 10th day of the experiment, but they gained ten seconds in one day after being reinforced. According to Tolman, the second group of rats had actually learned the maze, but were not motivated to reach the goal box until they had a reason to do so. Tolman referred to this as |
| | A) | latent learning. |
| | B) | cognitive processing. |
| | C) | insight learning. |
| | D) | observational learning. |
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| 16 | |
Recent research based on Bandura's studies of modeling suggests that |
| | A) | children learn to be violent through positive reinforcement of their aggressive behavior. |
| | B) | punishment decreases a child's tendency to act aggressively. |
| | C) | children are innately aggressive. |
| | D) | television teaches children to prefer sugary foods, engage in sex-stereotyped roles, and behave violently. |
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| 17 | |
John Garcia and his colleagues developed a plan to keep coyotes from killing sheep by having ranchers place chemically treated sheep meat in a place where the coyotes would find it and eat it. After eating the treated meat, the coyotes become nauseated and no longer hunted the sheep. This is a practical application of a biological factor in learning called |
| | A) | disinhibition. |
| | B) | learned taste aversion. |
| | C) | biological preparedness. |
| | D) | avoidance learning. |
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| 18 | |
Many baseball players engage in certain behaviors, such as wearing their "lucky socks" or "special cap," or tapping the ground with their bat a specific number of times before getting ready to hit the ball. Skinner found that pigeons engaged in similar behaviors that were unrelated to the task at hand, and he termed this |
| | A) | superstitious behavior. |
| | B) | silliness. |
| | C) | operant conditioning. |
| | D) | aberrant behavior. |
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