* = new selection or section

INTRODUCTION

Critical Thinking and the Pleasures of Literature
The Pleasures of Fiction
Thinking Critically about a Story
Learning to Be Silent
Critical Thinking and Contexts
The Pleasures of Poetry
Thinking Critically about a Poem
Robert Frost, Dust of Snow
Critical Thinking and Contexts
The Pleasures of Drama
Drama and Imaginative Thinking
Critical Thinking and Oprah's Book Club: An Exercise
Approaching Literature with Critical Thinking
Experience
Interpretation
Evaluation
Critical Thinking and Context
Critical Thinking and Writing about Literature
Reasons for Writing about Literature
Ways of Writing about Literature
Arguing about Literature
The Writing Process
Stephen Crane, War is Kind

PART ONE: FICTION

READING AND WRITING ABOUT FICTION

Chapter 1: Reading Stories

Luke, The Prodigal Son
The Experience of Fiction
The Interpretation of Fiction
Reading in Context
The Evaluation of Fiction
John Updike, A&P
The Act of Reading Fiction
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour

Chapter 2: Types of Short Fiction

Early Forms: Parable, Fable, and Tale
Aesop, The Wolf and the Mastiff
Petronius, The Widow of Ephesus
The Short Story
The Nonrealistic Story
The Short Novel

Chapter 3: Elements of Fiction

Plot and Structure
Frank O'Connor, Guests of the Nation
Character
Kay Boyle, Astronomer's Wife
Setting
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh
Point of View
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
Language and Style
James Joyce, Araby
Theme
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path
Irony and Symbol
D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner

Chapter 4: Writing About Fiction

Reasons for Writing about Fiction
Informal Ways of Writing about Fiction
Katherine Anne Porter, Magic
Formal Ways of Writing about Fiction
Student Papers on Fiction
Questions for Writing about Fiction
Suggestions for Writing

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT FICTION

Chapter 5: Three Fiction Writers In Context

Reading Edgar Allan Poe and Flannery O'Connor in Depth
Edgar Allan Poe in Context
Poe and Journalism
Poe and The Horror Story
Poe and The Detective Story
The Dimension of Style
Edgar Allan Poe: Stories:
The Black Cat
The Cask of Amontillado
The Fall of the House of Usher
Edgar Allan Poe: Letters, Essays
Critics on Poe
Flannery O'Connor in Context
Southern Gothic
The Catholic Dimension
O'Connor's Irony
Flannery O'Connor: Stories:
Good Country People
A Good Man is Hard to Find
Everything That Rises Must Converge
Flannery O'Connor: Letters, Essays
Critics on O'Connor

*Chapter 6: Envisioning Narrative

*Visual Stories
*Charles Schulz, Peanuts
*Marjane Satrapi, The Veil
*Rachel Masilamani, Two Kinds of People

AN ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT FICTION

Chapter 7: A Selection of Contemporary Fiction

Sherman Alexie, Indian Education
*Gish Jen, Who's Irish?
*Jhumpa Lahiri, Hell-Heaven

Chapter 8: A Selection of World Fiction

*Chinua Achebe, Marriage is a Private Affair
Jorge Luis Borges, The Garden of Forking Paths
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
*Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man With Enormous Wingstranslated by Gregory Rabassa
*Isaac Bashevis Singer, Gimpel the Fooltranslated by Saul Bellow

Chapter 9: For Further Reading

Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
*James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues
Raymond Carver, Cathedral
*Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Little Dogtranslated by Richard Peavear and Larissa Volokhonsky
*Kate Chopin, The Storm
*Sandra Cisneros, Barbie-Q
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
*William Faulkner, Barn Burning
*F. Scott Fitzgerald, Babylon Revisited
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown
Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants
*Zora Neale Hurston, Spunk
*Shirley Jackson, The Lottery
James Joyce, The Boarding House
*Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried
Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing
Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
*John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums
Amy Tan, Rules of the Game
Alice Walker, Everyday Use
Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O.

PART TWO: POETRY

READING AND WRITING ABOUT POETRY

Chapter 10: Reading Poems

The Experience of Poetry
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Reading in Context
The Interpretation of Poetry
Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Reading in Context
The Evaluation of Poetry
Gwendolyn Brooks, A Song in the Front Yard
The Act of Reading Poetry
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz

Chapter 11: Types of Poetry

Narrative Poetry
Lyric Poetry

Chapter 12: Elements of Poetry

Voice: Speaker and Tone
Stephen Crane, War is Kind
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
Muriel Stuart, In the Orchard
Gerard Manley Hopkins, "Thou art indeed just, Lord, if I contend"
Anonymous, Western Wind
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
*Randall Jarrell, Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
Diction
William Wordsworth, I wandered lonely as a cloud
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy
William Wordsworth, It is a beauteous evening
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder
Imagery
Elizabeth Bishop, First Death in Nova Scotia
William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Robert Browning, Meeting at Night
H.D., Heat
Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones
Figures of Speech: Simile and Metaphor
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou may'st in me behold
John Donne, Hymn to God the Father
Robert Wallace, The Double-Play
Louis Simpson, The Battle
Judith Wright, Woman to Child
Symbolism and Allegory
Peter Meinke, Advice to My Son
Christina Rossetti, Up-Hill
William Blake, A Poison Tree
Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken
George Herbert, Virtue
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death Syntax
John Donne, The Sun Rising
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed
William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death
Robert Frost, The Silken Tent
e.e. cummings, "Me up at does"
Stevie Smith, Mother, Among the Dustbins
Sound: Rhyme, Alliteration, Assonance
Gerard Manley Hopkins, In the Valley of the Elwy
Thomas Hardy, During Wind and Rain
Alexander Pope, Sound and Sense
Bob McKenty, Adam's Song
May Swenson, The Universe
Helen Chasin, The Word Plum
Rhythm and Meter
Robert Frost, The Span of Life
George Gordon, Lord Byron, The Destruction of Sennacherib
Anne Sexton, Her Kind
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
Structure: Closed Form and Open Form
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Walt Whitman, When I heard the learn'd astronomer
e.e. cummings, l(a
e.e. cummings, [Buffalo Bill's]
William Carlos Williams, The Dance
Denise Levertov, O Taste and See
Theodore Roethke, The Waking
Christine Kane Molito, Reflections in Black & Blue
C.P. Cavafy, The City translated by Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard
Theme
Emily Dickinson, Crumbling is not an instant's Act

Chapter 13: Writing about Poetry

Reasons for Writing about Poetry
Informal Ways of Writing about Poetry
Robert Graves, Symptoms of Love
Formal Ways of Writing about Poetry
Sylvia Plath, Mirror
Student Papers on Poetry
Questions for Writing about Poetry
Suggestions for Writing

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT POETRY

Chapter 14: Transformations

Revisions
William Blake, London
William Butler Yeats, A Dream of Death
Emily Dickinson, The Wind begun to knead the Grass
D.H. Lawrence, Piano
Langston Hughes, Ballad of Booker T.
Parodies
William Carlos Williams, This is Just to Say
Kenneth Koch Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
Robert Frost, Dust of SnowBob McKenty, Snow on Frost
*Responses
*Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
*Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd
*William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
*Archibald MacLeish, Not marble Nor the Gilded Monuments
*William Blake, Chimney Sweeper (Innocence), Chimney Sweeper (Experience)
*Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
*Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch: A Criticism of Life
*Poetry and Song
*Ecclesiastes, To Everything There is a Season
*Pete Seeger, Turn, Turn, Turn!
*Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
*Paul Simon, Richard Cory
*John Newton, Amazing Grace
*Don Maclean, Vincent

Chapter 15: Envisioning Poetry

Poems and Paintings
Vincent Van Gogh, Starry Night
Anne Sexton, The Starry Night
Francesco de Goya, The Third of May, 1808
David Gewanter, Goya'sThe Third of May, 1808
Pieter Breughel the Elder, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
W.H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts
William Carlos Williams, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
William Blake, The Sick Rose(painting)
William Blake, The Sick Rose(poem)
Henri Matisse, The Dance
Natalie Safir, Matisse's Dance
Jan Vermeer, Young Woman with a Water Jug
Stephen Mitchell, Vermeer
Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase
X.J. Kennedy, Nude Descending a Staircase
Rembrandt van Rijn, The Return of the Prodigal Son
Elizabeth Bishop, The Prodigal
Kitagawa Utamaro, Girl Powdering Her Neck
Cathy Song, Girl Powdering Her Neck
Romare Bearden, At Five in the Afternoon
Federico Garcia Lorca, Lament for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías (pt. 2)
*Giorgio de Chirico, The Melancholy and Mystery of a Street
*Roy Jacobstein, The Melancholy and Mystery of the Street
Lun-Yi Tsai, Disbelief
Lucille Clifton, Tuesday 9/11/01

Chapter 16: Three Poets in Context

Reading Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes in Depth
Emily Dickinson in Context
The 19th-Century New England Literary Scene
Dickinson and Modern Poetry
Dickinson and Christianity
Dickinson's Style
Emily Dickinson, I cannot dance upon my Toes (326)
Emily Dickinson, The soul selects her own Society (303)
Emily Dickinson: Poems
*67 Success is counted sweetest
*108 Surgeons must be very careful
*130 These are the days when Birds come back
*135 Water, is taught by thirst
*185 "Faith" is a fine invention
199 I'm "wife"--I've finished that
214 I taste a liquor never brewed
241 I like a look of Agony
249 Wild Nights--Wild Nights!
*252 I can wade Grief
*258 There's a certain Slant of light
280 I felt a Funeral, in my Brain
*288 I'm Nobody! Who are you?
324 Some keep the Sabbath going to Church
*328 A Bird came down the walk
*341 After great pain, a formal feeling comes
348 I dreaded that first Robin, so
419 We grow accustomed to the Dark
435 Much Madness is divinest Sense
*448 This was a Poet--It is that
449 I died for Beauty--but was scarce
465 I head a Fly buzz--when I died
*501 This World is not Conclusion.
*508 I'm ceded--I've stopped being Theirs--
*569 I reckon--when I count at all--
585 I like to see it lap the Miles
599 There is a pain--so utter
632 The Brain--is wider than the Sky
650 Pain--has an element of Blank
*657 I dwell in Possibility--
*668 "Nature" is what we see
754 My Life had stood--a Loaded Gun
986 A narrow Fellow in the Grass
*1078 The Bustle in a House
1129 Tell all the Truth but tell it slant
1732 My life closed twice before its close
Three Poems with Altered Punctuation
Poets Inspired by Dickinson
Jane Hirshfield, Three Times My Life has Opened
Billy Collins, Taking Off Emily Dickinson's Clothes
*Francis Heaney, Skinny Domicile
Linda Pastan, Emily Dickinson
Dickinson on Herself and Her First Poems
Critics on Dickinson
Robert Frost in Context
Frost and Popularity
Frost and Nature
Frost and the Sonnet
Frost's Voices
Robert Frost: Poems
The Tuft of Flowers
Mending Wall
*Mowing
Birches
Home Burial
*After Apple-Picking
Fire and Ice
*Nothing Gold Can Stay
Acquainted with the Night
Tree at My Window
Departmental
Design
Desert Places
Provide, Provide
Poets Inspired by Frost
Edward Thomas, When First
W.S. Merwin, Unknown Bird
Seamus Heaney, The Forge
Critical Comments by Frost
Critics on Frost
Langston Hughes in Context
The Harlem Renaissance
Hughes and Music
Hughes's Influences
Hughes's Style
Langston Hughes: Poems
Dream Deferred
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
Mother to Son
I, Too
My People
*Dream Variations
*Song for a Dark Girl
The Weary Blues
Young Gal's Blues
Morning After
Trumpet Player
Dream Boogie
*Ballad of the Landlord
Madam and the Rent Man
*When Sue Wears Red
*Listen Here Blues
*Consider Me
Theme for English B
Aunt Sue's Stories
*Madrid--1937
Let America Be America Again
I'm Still Here
Poets Inspired by Hughes
Rita Dove, Testimonial
Dudley Randall, The Ballad of Birmingham
Kevin Young, Langston Hughes
Hughes on Harlem, the Blues
Critics on Hughes

ANTHOLOGY OF POEMS

Chapter 17: A Selection of Contemporary Poetry

*Billy Collins, Sonnet(2002)
Wendy Cope, The Ted Williams Villanelle(2001)
*Deborah Garrison, A Working Girl Can't Win(1998)
Jane Kenyon, Peonies at Dusk(1995)
*Ted Kooser, A Spiral Notebook(2004)
*Taylor Mali, Like Lilly Like Wilson(2004)

Chapter 18: A Selection of World Poetry

Chairil Anwar (Indonesia), At the Mosquetranslated by
Burton Raffel
Matsuo Basho (Japan)Three Haikutranslated by Robert Hass
*Faiz Ahmed Faiz (Pakistan), Before You Cametranslated by Agha Shahid Ali
Pablo Neruda (Chile), Ode to My Sockstranslated by Robert Bly
Boris Pasternak (Russia), Hamlettranslated by Jon Stallworthy and Peter France
*Octavio Paz (Mexico), The Street translated by Muriel Rukeyeser
Wole Soyinka (Nigeria), Hamlet
*Wislawa Szymborska (Poland), The Acrobat
*Derek Walcott (Caribbean)House of Umbrage

Chapter 19: For Further Reading

Sherman Alexie, Indian Boy Love Songs 1 and 2
Anonymous, Barbara Allan
Margaret Atwood, This is a Photograph of me
*Margaret Atwood, Spelling
W.H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
W.H. Auden, In Memory of W.B. Yeats
W.H. Auden, Funeral Blues
W.H Auden, September 1, 1939
Jimmy Santiago Baca, from Meditations on the South Valley XVII
*Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina
*Elizabeth Bishop, One Art
*Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
William Blake, The Lamb
William Blake, The Tyger
William Blake, The Garden of Love
*Eavan Boland, Anorexic
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband
Edward Kamau Brathwait, Ogun
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
Gwendolyn Brooks, First fight. Then fiddle
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How do I love thee
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose
Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
Raymond Carver, Photograph of My Father in His Twenty-Second Year
Sandra Cisneros, Pumpkin Eater
Lucille Clifton, Homage to My Hips
Judith Ortiz Cofer, The Game
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan
Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry
Billy Collins, History Teacher
*Billy Collins, The Listener
Countee Cullen, Incident
e.e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
e.e. cummings, i thank You god for this most amazing
John Donne, Song:Go and catch a falling star
John Donne, A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning
John Donne, The Flea
John Donne, Death, be not proud
John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God
Rita Dove, Canary
Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask
T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Louise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways
*Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity
*Carolyn Forche, The Memory of Elena
Nikki Giovanni, Ego Tripping
Nikki Giovanni, Nikki Rosa
*Louise Gluck, The School Children
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She walks in beauty
Donald Hall, My son, my executioner
*Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
*Thomas Hardy, Channel Firing
*Joy Harjo, Eagle Poem
*Robert Hayden, Frederick Douglass
Seamus Heaney, Digging
Seamus Heaney, Mid-Term Break
George Herbert, The Altar
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to make Much of Time
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall: To a Young Child
A.E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
A.E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
*Andrew Hudgins, Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead
Ben Jonson, On My First Son
Ben Jonson, Song:To Celia
John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans merci
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale
*Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
D.H. Lawrence, Snake
*D.H. Lawrence, When I Read Shakespeare
Audre Lorde, Hanging Fire
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
Claude McKay, The Tropics in New York
*Edna St. Vincent Millay, I Being Born a Woman and Distressed
*Cszeslaw Milosz, Encountertranslated by the author and Lillian Vallee
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
*Marianne Moore, Poetry
*Paul Muldoon, Hedgehog
Sharon Olds, Size and Sheer
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
Sharon Olds, 35/10
*Mary Oliver, Poem for My Father's Ghost
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
Linda Pastan, Ethics
*Robert Pinsky, Dying
Sylvia Plath, Blackberrying
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
Sylvia Plath, Morning Song
Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven
Alexander Pope, from An Essay on Man
*Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter
*Rainer Maria Rilke, The Cadet Picture of My FatherTranslated by Robert Lowell
Alberto Rios, A Dream of Husbands
Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane
*Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
*Sonia Sanchez, Towhomitmayconcern
Anne Sexton, Two Hands
William Shakespeare, When in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes
William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds
William Shakespeare, Th' expense of spirit in a waste of shame
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Gary Soto, Behind Grandma's House
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
*Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O'clock
May Swenson, Women
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle: A Fragment
*Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
*Jean Toomer, Song of the Sun
Jean Toomer, Reapers
Walt Whitman, One's-Self I Sing
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider
*Walt Whitman, Crossing Brooklyn Ferry
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All
William Carlos Williams, Danse Russe
*William Carlos WilliamsThe Young Housewife
William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us
William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper
William Wordsworth, Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming
William Butler Yeats, The Wild Swans at Coole
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium
William Butler Yeats, When You are Old
*William Butler Yeats, Adam's Curse

Chapter 20: Lives of the Poets

PART THREE: DRAMA

READING AND WRITING ABOUT DRAMA

Chapter 21: Reading Plays

The Experience of Drama
Isabella Augusta Persse, Lady Gregory, The Rising of the Moon
The Interpretation of Drama
The Evaluation of Drama

Chapter 22: Types of Drama

Tragedy
Comedy

Chapter 23: Elements of Drama

Plot
Character
Dialogue
Subtext
Staging
Symbolism and Irony
Theme

Chapter 24: Writing about Drama

Reasons for Writing about Drama
Informal Ways of Writing about Drama
Annotation
Double-columned Notebook
Formal Ways of Writing about Drama
Student Papers on Drama
Questions for Writing about Drama
Suggestions for Writing

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT DRAMA: PLAYS IN CONTEXT AND PERFORMANCE

Chapter 25: The Greek Theater: Sophocles in Context

Reading Sophocles in Context
Athens in the Golden Age
Greek Tragedy
Sophocles and His Works
Sophocles: Plays
Oedipus Rextranslated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald
Critics on Sophocles

Chapter 26: The Elizabethan Theater: Shakespeare in Context

Reading Shakespeare in Context
London in the Age of Elizabeth
The Arts in the Age of Elizabeth
Stagecraft in the Elizabethan Age
Shakespeare and His Works / Timeline
Shakespeare: Othello
The Tragedy of Othello
Critics on Shakespeare

Chapter 27: The Modern Realistic Theater: Ibsen in Context

Reading Ibsen in Context
Realism
A Note on the Theatre of the Absurd
Ibsen, Exile, and Change
Ibsen: The Play
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll Housetranslated by Rolf Fjelde

Chapter 28: Envisioning Drama: Miller and Williams in Performance

*Envisioning Death of a Salesman
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman
*Envisioning The Glass Menagerie
Tennessee Williams, Production Notes to The Glass Menagerie
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie

AN ANTHOLOGY OF PLAYS

Chapter 29: A Collection of Modern and Contemporary Drama

Susan Glaspell, Trifles
*Lorraine Hansberry, A Raisin in the Sun
Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest
David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly (and Afterward)
*Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer
Wendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer
August Wilson, Fences

PART FOUR: RESEARCH AND CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES

Chapter 30: Writing with Sources

Why Do Research about Literature?
Clarifying the Assignment
Selecting a Topic
Finding and Using Sources
Using Computerized Databases
Using the Internet for Research
Developing a Critical Perspective
Developing a Thesis
Drafting and Revising
Responding to the Ideas of Others: Using One source as a Stimulus for Ideas
Conventions
Documenting sources
A Research Paper on a Single Work using Multiple Sources
A Research Paper Using Multiple Works and Multiple Sources

Chapter 31: Critical Theory: Approaches to the Analysis and Interpretation of Literature

Readings for Analysis
William Carlos Williams, The Use of Force
Emily Dickinson, I'm 'wife'--I've finished that
The Canon and the Curriculum
Formalist Perspectives
Biographical Perspectives
Historical Perspectives
Psychological Perspectives
Feminist and Marxist Perspectives
Reader-Response Perspectives
Mythological Perspectives
Structuralist Perspectives
Deconstructive Perspectives
Cultural Studies Perspectives
Using Critical Perspectives as Heuristics