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A is bad reasoning, usually in the narrow sense of bad argumentation not based on irrelevant appeals to emotions. |
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Whatever specific form it takes, the fallacy mixes up what a claim is saying with the circumstances under which it is said. |
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The simplest form the ad hominem fallacy is the ad hominem, which maligns a person in order to dismiss that person's beliefs. |
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A more specialized ad hominem fallacy goes by the name of the ad hominem, in which one dismisses a claim on the grounds that there is disconnect in what the speaker is trying to communicate. |
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The ad hominem, often very close to a personal attack, reduces what someone says to the beliefs of some group that person belongs to. |
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In another twist on the ad hominem, one is by impugning a person's character before that person has even said anything. |
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The fallacy, a very broad category of the ad hominem, rejects a claim on the grounds of its source. |
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The fallacy of attacking a consists in arguing against a distorted or simplified version of what someone has said, and treating the argument you give as if it brought down what the person really did say. |
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A assumes that only two alternatives exist in a given situation, so that anyone who does not agree with the first alternative has to accept the second one. |
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The uses a false dilemma in a special way; it first assumes that the only two options for action are the perfect success for that action and nothing good at all, then it rejects any proposed action that will not work perfectly. |
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Another variant of the false dilemma, the fallacy, arises when discussing vague concepts. |
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One invokes a fallacy when predicting that if one thing happens, or is permitted to happen, another thing (always a very undesirable thing) will eventually result. |
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is the view that an absence of evidence against a claim counts as evidence for that claim. |
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The would-be defense of a claim that relies on the very claim it purports to prove is . |
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