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| 1.
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Harold has a family history of depression, and he just experienced the death of his wife, which has been very difficult for him. He developed major depressive symptoms shortly after her death. Which of the following concepts does this example illustrate? |
| | A) | the vulnerability-stress model |
| | B) | the psychological approach |
| | C) | the feedback loop |
| | D) | the nature-nurture question |
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| 2.
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Cocaine _____ the action of norephinephrine by slowing down its reuptake. |
| | A) | prolongs |
| | B) | reduces |
| | C) | degrades |
| | D) | nullifies |
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| 3.
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Which of the following statements is true? |
| | A) | Genes are made of chromosomes, which are made of DNA. |
| | B) | DNA is made of genes, which are made of chromosomes. |
| | C) | Chromosomes are made of genes, which are made of DNA. |
| | D) | DNA is made of chromosomes, which are made of genes. |
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| 4.
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Most mental disorders result from: |
| | A) | a single faulty gene. |
| | B) | a faulty X chromosome from the mother. |
| | C) | whole chromosome abnormalities. |
| | D) | a combination of faulty genes. |
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| 5.
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If the concordance rate for a disorder is 30% among DZ twins, but 80% among MZ twins, this suggests that the disorder: |
| | A) | results in part from genetic causes. |
| | B) | results in part from environmental causes. |
| | C) | results entirely from genetic causes. |
| | D) | does not result at all from genetic causes. |
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| 6.
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Many people favor biological theories of mental disorders because they: |
| | A) | are reductionistic and formulate complex behaviors in simple biological terms. |
| | B) | are based on studies of animals rather than humans. |
| | C) | are typically developed based on theoretically derived hypotheses and careful testing of those hypotheses. |
| | D) | take away the stigma and blame placed on the individual suffering from the disorder. |
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| 7.
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According to Freud, introjection is responsible for: |
| | A) | penis envy. |
| | B) | channeling libido into activities that balance the demands of society and the moral conscience. |
| | C) | incorporation of the standards of others into one's own thinking. |
| | D) | holding desires, memories, and emotions of which we are not aware. |
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| 8.
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Primary process thinking is: |
| | A) | rational deliberation. |
| | B) | imagining the desired object. |
| | C) | the opposite of the pleasure principle. |
| | D) | a characteristic only of infants, not adults. |
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| 9.
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The Oedipus complex occurs during the _____ stage. |
| | A) | anal |
| | B) | genital |
| | C) | phallic |
| | D) | latency |
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| 10.
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According to Freud, the _____ _____ is said to exist when an individual's defense mechanisms become maladaptive and distressing. |
| | A) | neurotic paradox |
| | B) | Oedipal complex |
| | C) | Electra complex |
| | D) | reality principle |
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| 11.
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Children who begin to distinguish between good and bad aspects of the self-plus-other image, but cannot distinguish between the self and other, are in which of the following stages, according to object relations theory? |
| | A) | genital |
| | B) | undifferentiated |
| | C) | symbiosis |
| | D) | splitting |
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| 12.
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Horney argued that psychodynamic theory: |
| | A) | should reconsider its conceptualization of female development. |
| | B) | should include less emphasis on cultural influences. |
| | C) | does not emphasize the role of sex enough. |
| | D) | is rich due to the large samples on which its claims are based. |
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| 13.
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If someone were to shriek out loud as lightning struck nearby, his or her shrieking would be the: |
| | A) | unconditioned stimulus. |
| | B) | conditioned response. |
| | C) | unconditioned response. |
| | D) | conditioned stimulus. |
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| 14.
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The Law of Effect states that: |
| | A) | behaviors learned on a partial reinforcement schedule are harder to extinguish. |
| | B) | pairing a conditioned stimulus with a conditioned response yields an unconditioned response. |
| | C) | behaviors followed by a reward are strengthened, whereas those followed by punishment are weakened. |
| | D) | behavior is most effectively shaped through classical conditioning. |
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| 15.
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According to Albert Bandura, _____ learning takes place when a person sees the rewards and punishments that another person receives for his or her behavior. |
| | A) | observational |
| | B) | causal |
| | C) | continuous |
| | D) | conditional |
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| 16.
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A major problem of cognitive theories of abnormality is the fact that they: |
| | A) | are abstract and cannot be tested scientifically. |
| | B) | do not seem to recognize people's "free will." |
| | C) | have not shown convincingly that cognitions precede and cause disorders. |
| | D) | are studied in laboratories that do not resemble the real world. |
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| 17.
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Humanistic theories of abnormality: |
| | A) | are similar to the traditional psychodynamic theories of abnormality. |
| | B) | have been criticized for being too scientific. |
| | C) | focus on helping people to achieve their greatest potential. |
| | D) | are dismissed by self-help groups and peer counseling programs. |
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| 18.
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Which type of needs are at the top of Maslow's hierarchy? |
| | A) | physiological needs |
| | B) | self-actualization needs |
| | C) | cognitive needs |
| | D) | belongingness and love needs |
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| 19.
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According to the family systems theories of abnormality, a(n) _____ family is one that is isolated from all forces outside the family and does not adapt well to changes within the family. |
| | A) | enmeshed |
| | B) | disengaged |
| | C) | inflexible |
| | D) | triangular |
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| 20.
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The social approaches to abnormality: |
| | A) | are criticized for "blaming the victim". |
| | B) | are criticized for being vague about how social forces lead to psychological disturbances. |
| | C) | focus on individuals and their immediate surroundings. |
| | D) | focus on dysfunctional family systems. |
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