Roy Matthews,
MICHIGAN STATE U-EAST LANSING Dewitt Platt,
MICHIGAN STATE U-EAST LANSING
ISBN: 0073136190 Copyright year: 2008
Table of Contents
The Western Humanities, 6/e
Preface Introduction: Why Study Cultural History? A Humanities Primer: How to Understand the Arts
Chapter 1 PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS
Prehistory and Early Cultures Paleolithic Period Neolithic Period Technology in Early Cultures Stone Age Technology Bronze Age Technology Iron Age Technology The Civilizations of the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley: Mesopotamia The Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian Kingdoms The Cradle of Civilization Writing Encounter: "Phonecians and Their Alphabet" Religion Literature Slice of Life: "A Sumerian Father Lectures His Son" Law Science: Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine Art and Architecture The Civilization of the Nile River Valley: Egypt Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values Religion Writing and Literature Slice of Life: "The Instruction of Amenemope" Science and Medicine Architecture Sculpture, Painting, and Minor Arts Heirs to the Mesopotamian and Egyptian Empires The Hittites The Assyrians The Medes The Persians The Legacy of Early Near Eastern Civilizations Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Timeline
Chapter 2 AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS: THE MINOANS, THE MYCENAEANS, AND THE GREEKS OF THE ARCHAIC AGE
Prelude: Minoan Civilization, 3000--1100 B.C.E. Beginnings: Mycenaean Civilization, 1900--1100 B.C.E. Technology in Minoan Crete and Mycenae Crete and Mycenae Archaic Greece Interlude: The Dark Ages, 1100--800 B.C.E. The Archaic Age, 800--479 B.C.E. Political, Economic, and Social Structures The Greek Polis: Sparta and Athens Technology in Archaic Greece The Persian Wars Encounter: "Near Estern Art and Greek Pottery" The Emergence of Greek Genius: The Mastery of Form Religion Epic Poetry Lyric Poetry Slice of Life: "The Worlds of Women and Men in Ancient Greece" Natural Philosophy Medicine Architecture Sculpture The Legacy of Archaic Greek Civilization Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Timeline
Chapter 3 CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENIC AGE
General Characteristics of Hellenic Civilization Domestic and Foreign Affairs: War, Peace, and the Triumph of Macedonia Phases of the Hellenic Age Technology Shipbuilding Warfare The Perfection of the Tradition: The Glory of Hellenic Greece Theater: Tragedy Features of the Greek Theater Encounter: The Representation of Blacks in Greek Art Tragic Drama Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Theater: Comedy Music History Philosophy, Science and Medicine The Pre-Socratics The Sophists The Socratic Revolution Plato Aristotle Architecture Sanctuaries The Temple: The Perfection of the Form Slice of Life: Xenophon, "Secrets of a Successful Marriage" Sculpture The Legacy of Hellenic Civilization Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Timeline
Chapter 4 CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENISTIC AGE
The Stages of Hellenistic History The End of the Empire and the Rise of the States The Arrival and Triumph of Rome Urban Life in the Hellenistic Age Pergamum Alexandria in Egypt Slice of Life: Theocritus, "Street Scene in Hellenistic Egypt The Elaboration of the Greek Tradition: The Spread of Classicism to the Hellenistic World Drama and Literature Philosophy and Religion Cynicism Skepticism Epicureanism Stoicism Fate and the Mystery Cults Science and Medicine Encounter: "The Invention of Parchment and the Birth of the Secular Library" Architecture The Corinthian Temple The Altar Sculpture Rhodes: Late Hellenistic Style The Legacy of the Hellenistic World Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Timeline
Chapter 5 ROMAN CIVILIZATION: THE PRE-CHRISTIAN CENTURIES
The Colossus of the Mediterranean World General Characteristics of Roman Civilization Technology Warfare Construction The Etruscan and Greek Connections Rome in the Age of Kings, 753-509 B.C. The Roman Republic, 509-31 B.C. The Early Republic, 509-264 B.C. The Middle Republic, 264-133 B.C. The Late Republic, 133-31 B.C. Growing Autocracy: Imperial Rome, 31 B.C.-A.D. 284 Pax Romana, 31 B.C.-A.D. 193 Civil Wars, A.D. 193-284 The Style of Pre-Christian Rome: From Greek Imitation to Roman Grandeur Roman Religion Language, Literature, and Drama The First Literary Period, 250-31 B.C. Slice of Life: "A College Student’s Letter Home" The Second Literary Period: The Golden Age, 31 B.C.-A.D. 14-200 Slice of Life: Marcus, Son of Cicero, "Changing My Ways" The Third Literary Period: The Silver Age, A.D. 14-200 Philosophy Stoicism Neo-Platonism Science and Medicine Law The Visual Arts Architecture Encounter: Roman Conquests and Romance Languages Sculpture Painting and Mosaics Music The Legacy of Pre-Christian Rome Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Timeline
Chapter 6 JUDAISM AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
Judaism The People and Their Religion Egypt, Exodus, and Moses The Kingdom of Israel The Babylonian Captivity and the Postexilic Period The Hellenistic and Roman Periods Societal and Family Relationships Slice of Life: "A Jewish Eyewitness to the Destruction of the Second Temple" The Bible Early Jewish Art and Architecture Encounter: "Baal, A Rival to the Israelites' God" Christianity The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament Christians and Jews Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and Philosophies Christians in the Roman Empire Slice of Life: "A Christian Mother Faces Death from Roman Authorities" Early Christian Literature Early Christian Art The Legacy of Biblical Judaism and Early Christianity Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Timeline
Chapter 7 THE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATE ROME, BYZANTIUM, AND THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST
The Last Days of the Roman Empire Diocletian’s Reforms and the Triumph of Christianity, 284-395 The Great Persecution and Christian Toleration Early Christian Developments Christian Rome and the End of the Western Empire, 395-476 The Transition from Classical Humanism to Christian Civilization Literature, Theology, and History The Fathers of the Church Slice of Life: "A Father's Advice to His Sons" Church History The Visual Arts Architecture Sculpture Painting and Mosaics Music Encounter: "Ancient Globalization: Rome and The Silk Road" The Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantine Civilization, 476-1453 History of the Byzantine Empire Slice of Life: "A Father's Advice to HIs Sons Byzantine Culture: Christianity and Classicism The Orthodox Religion Science and Technology Law and History Architecture and Mosaics The Early Medieval West The Early Middle Ages: A Romano-Germanic Christianized World Religion and the Arts and Humanities in the Early Middle Ages Christianity: Leadership and Organization Literature, History, and Learning Music Architecture Painting: Illuminated Manuscripts Technology Warefare Farming The Legacy of Late Rome, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Timeline
Chapter 8 THE WORLD OF ISLAM, 630-1517
Muhammad, The Prophet Imperial Islam The Post-Muhammad Years The Umayyad Dynasty The Abbasid Dynasty The Seljuk Turk Empire Imperial Decline Islam as Religion Medieval Islamic Culture Medicine Philosophy and History Philiosophy History Technology Papermaking Hydraulics Mechanical Engineering Encounter: "An International Community of Scholars" Literature Poetry Prose Art and Architecture Architecture Painting Slice of Life: "Feard of Assimilation in a Multi-Cultural Society" Music The Legacy of Medieval Islam Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Timeline
Chapter 9 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: THE CHRISTIAN CENTURIES
Feudalism The Feudal System and the Feudal Society Peasant Life The Rise of Towns The Feudal Monarchy The French Monarchy The English Monarchy The Holy Roman Empire The Papal Monarchy Medieval Christianity and the Church Encounter: Pagan Vikings versus Christian Europeans Christian Beliefs and Practices Religious Orders and Lay Piety The Crusades Slice of Life: "When Love Knows No Boundaries" The Age of Synthesis: Equilibrium Between the Spiritual and the Secular Theology and Learning Cathedral Schools and the Development of Scholasticism Peter Abelard The Rise of the Universities Intellectual Controversy and Thomas Aquinas Science and Medicine Science Medicine Literature Monastic and Feudal Writing Vernacular and Courtly Writing Dante Architecture and Art Romanesque Churches and Related Arts Gothic Churches and Related Arts Early Gothic Style, 1145-1194 High Gothic Style, 1194-1300 Music Technology Warfare Waterpower and Windpower Farming The Legacy of the Christian Centuries Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Timeline
Chapter 10 THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: 1300--1500
Hard Times Come to Europe Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War Depopulation and Rebellion The Secular Monarchies The Papal Monarchy Technology The Rise of Industries The Printing Press The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages Religion Slice of Life: "A Gossip Columnist of the Late Middle Ages" Theology and Philosophy The Via Antiqua Versus the Via Moderna Duns Scotus and William of Ockham Science Literature Northern Italian Literature: Petrarch and Boccacio English Literature: Geoffrey Chaucer French Literature: Christine de Pizan Art and Architecture Late Gothic Architecture Late Gothic Sculpture Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends Music The Legacy of the Late Middle Ages Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestion for Listening Timeline
Chapter 11 THE EARLY RENAISSANCE: RETURN TO CLASSICAL ROOTS, 1400--1494
The Renaissance: Schools of Interpretation Early Renaissance History and Institutions Italian City-States During the Early Renaissance Florence, the Center of the Renaissance The Resurgent Papcy, 1450-1500 The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance Humanism, Scholarship, and Schooling SLice of Life: Battle of the Sexes, Fifteenth Century Style Thought and Philosophy Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting Artistic Ideals and Innovations Architecture Sculpture Painting Encounter: "The Influence of Islam on the European Renaissance" Music The Legacy of the Early Renaissance Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestion for Listening Timeline
Chapter 12 THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM, 1494--1564
The Rise of the Modern Sovereign State The Struggle for Italy, 1494-1529 Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire Economic Expansion and Social Developments Demographics, Prosperity, and the Beginning of a Global Village Technology Science and Medicine Encounter: Portuguese Exploration Sets the Stage of a New World From High Renaissance to Early Mannerism Literature Gaspara Stampa Castiglione Machiavelli Painting Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael The Venetian School: Giorgione and Titian The School of Parma: Parmigianino Sculpture SLice of Life: "Artists and Their Critics: Michelangelo's Strategy" Architecture Music The Legacy of the High Renaissance and Early Mannerism Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestions for Listening Timeline
Chapter 13 NORTHERN HUMANISM, NORTHERN RENAISSANCE, RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS, AND LATE MANNERISM, 1500--1603
Northern Humanism The Northern Renaissance Northern Renaissance Thought and Science Jean Bodin Andreas Vesalius Northern Renaissance Literature Michel de Montaigne William Shakespeare Northern Renaissance Painting Albrecht Dürer Mathias Grunewald Hieronymus Bosch Pieter Bruegel the Elder Encounter: "Indigineous Peoples and New Spain" Slice of Life: "The Conscience of Sixteenth-Century Christian Europe: Bartolome de Las Casas From, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" The Breakup of Christendom: Causes of the Religious Reformations The Protestant Order Luther’s Revolt Luther’s Beliefs Social and Political Implications of Luther’s Revolt The Reforms of John Calvin The Reform of the English Church The Counter-Reformation The Reformed Papacy New Monastic Orders The Council of Trent Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent, 1520-1603 Late Mannerism Spanish Painting Spanish Literature Late Mannerist Painting in Italy: Tintoretto Music in Late-Sixteenth-Century Italy and England The Legacy of Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestions for Listening Timeline
Chapter 14 THE BAROQUE AGE: GLAMOUR AND GRANDIOSITY, 1600--1715
Absolutism, Monarchy, and the Balance of Power France: The Supreme Example of Absolutism England: From Monarchy to Republic to Limited Monarchy Warfare in the Baroque Period: Maintaining the Balance of Power The Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648 Slice of Life: "Two Views of Power: Master and Servant" Encounter: "Japan Closes Its Doors, Nearly" The Wars of Louis XIV, 1665-1713 The Baroque: Variations on an International Style The Florid Baroque Architecture Sculpture Painting The Classical Baroque Architecture Painting The Restrained Baroque Painting Architecture Literature Baroque Literature in France Baroque Literature in England Music The Legacy of the Baroque Age Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestions for Listening Timeline
Chapter 15 THE BAROQUE AGE II: REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL THOUGHT, 1600--1715
Theories of the Universe before the Scientific Revolution The Magical and the Practical in the Scientific Revolution Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton Nicolas Copernicus Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Medicine and Chemistry Technology The Impact of Science on Philosophy Francis Bacon Rene Descartes Blaise Pascal Ironies and Contradictions of the Scientific Revolution Slice of Life: "Innocent or Guilty?"--A Seventeenth Century Witch Trial" The Revolution in Political Philosophy Natural Law and Divine Right: Grotius and Bossuet Absolutism and Liberalism: Hobbes and Locke European Exploration and Expansion Responses to the Revolutions in Thought Encounter: The Sinews of Trade The Spread of Ideas Impact on the Arts The Legacy of the Revolutions in Scientific and Political Thought Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Timeline
Chapter 16 THE AGE OF REASON, 1700--1789
The Enlightenment The Philosophes and Their Program Religion Deism Popular Religion The Encyclopedie The Physiocrats The Great Powers During the Age of Reason Society: Continuity and Change Absolutism, Limited Monarchy, and Enlightened Despotism France: The Successors to the Sun King Great Britain and the Hanoverian Kings Enlightened Despotism in Central and Eastern Europe Cultural Trends in the Eighteenth Century: From Rococo to Neoclassical The Rococo Style in the Arts Rococo Painting Rococo Interiors The English Response Encounter: Slavery and the French Revolution The Challenge of Neoclassicism Neoclassical Painting The Print Neoclassical Architecture Philosophy Political Philosophy David Hume Literature French Writers: The Development of New Forms Neoclassicism in English Literature Slice of Life: "How to Manipulate the System: Lady Mary Wortly Mantagu" The Rise of the Novel Music The Legacy of the Age of Reason Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestions for Listening Timeline
Chapter 17 REVOLUTION, REACTION, AND CULTURAL RESPONSE, 1760--1830
The Industrial Revolution Industrialization in England Slice of Life: "Life inside a 'Satanic Mill' in 1815: Elizabeth Bently" Classical Economics: The Rationale for Industrialization Political Revolutions, 1760--1815 The American Revolution The French Revolution Encounter: Slavery and the French Revolution Technology Reaction, 1815--1830 Revolutions in Art and Ideas: From Neoclassicism to Romanticism Neoclassicism in Literature After 1789 Neoclassical Painting and Architecture After 1789 Romanticism: Its Spirit and Expression The Romantic Movement in Literature Romantic Painting Science and Philosophy Science Philosophy The Birth of Romantic Music The Legacy of the Age of Revolution and Reaction Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestions for Listening Timeline
Chapter 18 THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIE, 1830--1871
The Political and Economic Scene: Liberalism and Nationalism The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik Limited Reform in France and Great Britain Wars and Unification in Central Europe Civil War in the United States Industrialization, Technology, and Warfare Industrialism: The Shrinking Globe New Technologies The Second Industrial Revolution Symbols of the Bourgeois Age: the Crystal Palace and the Suez Canal Encounter: The Tragedy of the Cherokee Nation Nineteenth-Century Thought: Philosophy, Religion, and Science Liberalism Redefined Socialism Religion and the Challenge of Science Slice of Life: "Observing Human Behavior: The Classes and the Masses" Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism Literature The Height of French Romanticism Romanticism in the English Novel Romanticism in American Literature Realism in French and English Novels The Russian Realists Realism Among African American Writers Art and Architecture Neoclassicism and Romanticism After 1830 The Rise of Realism in Art Photography Music The Legacy of the Bourgeois Age Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestions for Listening Timeline
Chapter 19 THE AGE OF EARLY MODERNISM, 1871--1914
Europe’s Rise to World Leadership The Second Industrial Revolution and the Making of Modern Life Response to Industrialism: Politics and Crisis Domestic Policies in the Heavily Industrialized West SLice of Life: "Winning the Right to Vote: Lady Constance Lytton" Domestic Policies in Central and Eastern Europe Imperialism and International Relations The Scramble for Colonies The Outbreak of World War I Early Modernism Philosophy, Psychology and Religion Nietzche Freud and Jung Religious Developments Literature Naturalistic Literature Decadence in Literature Expressionist Literature The Advance of Science The Modernist Revolution in Art Impressionism Encounter: The French Impressionists Meet Ukiyo-e Art Post-Impressionism Fauvism, Cubism, and Expressionism New Directions in Sculpture and Architecture Music: From Impressionism to Jazz The Legacy of Early Modernism Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestions for Listening Timeline
Chapter 20 THE AGE OF THE MASSES AND THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM, 1914--1945
The Collapse of Old Certainties and the Search for New Values World War I and Its Aftermath Encounter: "Civil Disobedience and the campaign for Indian Independence" The Great Depression of the 1930s The Rise of Totalitarianism Russian Communism European Fascism World War II: Origins and Outcome The Zenith of Modernism Mass Culture, technology, and Warfare Mass Culture and New Technologies Warfare Experimentation in Literature The Novel Poetry Drama Philosophy and Medicine Philosophy Science,br> Medicine Slice of Life: "The Face of Evil: A Nazi Death Camp" Art, Architecture, Photography, and Film Painting Architecture Photograohy Film Music: Atonality, Neoclassicism, and an American Idiom The Legacy of the Age of the Masses and High Modernism Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestions for Listening Timeline
Chapter 21 THE AGE OF ANXIETY AND LATE MODERNISM, 1945-1970
From a European to a World Civilization The Era of the Superpowers, 1945-1970 Postwar Recovery and the New World Order The Cold War Emergence of the Third World The End of Modernism Philosophy and Religion Political and Social Movements Science and Technology Slice of Life: "Humans in Space: 'One Giant Leap for Mankind'" The Literature of Late Modernism: Fiction, Poetry, and Drama The Literature of Post-Modernism Fiction Poetry Drama Late Modernism and the Arts Painting Sculpture Architecture Happenings Late Modern Music Encounter: "The Globalization of Popular Music" Film The Legacy of the Age of Late Modernism Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestions for Listening Timeline
Chapter 22 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: GLOBALIZATION, TERROR, AND POST-MODERNISM
Toward a New Global Order, 1970-200 National Issues and International Realignment The Fall of Communism The Post-Cold War World The Age of Terror, 2001- The Birth of Post-Modernism Medicine, Science, and Technology Advances in Medicine Genetics Technological Breakthroughs Philosophy and Religion Philosophy Religion and Religious Thought Encounter: "Continental Drift: Demography and Migration" The Literature of Post-Modernism Fiction Poetry Drama Post-Modernism and the Arts Painting Sculpture Installation Art Environmental Art Video Art Film Post-Modern Music Performance Art Mass Culture Slice of Life: "David Brooks, Trading Cricket for Jihad" The Legacy of the Contemproary World A Summing Up Key Cultural Terms Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestions for Listening Timeline
APPENDIX Writing for the Humanities: Research Papers and Essay Examinations GLOSSARY CREDITS INDEX