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The Western Humanities: Complete, 6/e

Roy Matthews, MICHIGAN STATE U-EAST LANSING
Dewitt Platt, MICHIGAN STATE U-EAST LANSING

ISBN: 0073136190
Copyright year: 2008

Table of Contents



The Western Humanities, 6/e

Preface
Introduction: Why Study Cultural History?
A Humanities Primer: How to Understand the Arts

Chapter 1
PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS
Prehistory and Early Cultures
Paleolithic Period
Neolithic Period
Technology in Early Cultures
Stone Age Technology
Bronze Age Technology
Iron Age Technology
The Civilizations of the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley: Mesopotamia
    The Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian Kingdoms
    The Cradle of Civilization
        Writing
Encounter: "Phonecians and Their Alphabet"
        Religion
        Literature
Slice of Life: "A Sumerian Father Lectures His Son"
        Law
Science: Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine
        Art and Architecture
The Civilization of the Nile River Valley: Egypt
    Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years
    A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values
        Religion
        Writing and Literature
Slice of Life: "The Instruction of Amenemope"
Science and Medicine
Architecture
Sculpture, Painting, and Minor Arts
Heirs to the Mesopotamian and Egyptian Empires
The Hittites
The Assyrians
The Medes
The Persians
The Legacy of Early Near Eastern Civilizations
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 2
AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS: THE MINOANS, THE MYCENAEANS, AND THE GREEKS OF THE ARCHAIC AGE
Prelude: Minoan Civilization, 3000--1100 B.C.E.
Beginnings: Mycenaean Civilization, 1900--1100 B.C.E.
Technology in Minoan Crete and Mycenae
Crete and Mycenae
Archaic Greece
Interlude: The Dark Ages, 1100--800 B.C.E.
The Archaic Age, 800--479 B.C.E.
    Political, Economic, and Social Structures
    The Greek Polis: Sparta and Athens
    Technology in Archaic Greece
The Persian Wars
Encounter: "Near Estern Art and Greek Pottery"
The Emergence of Greek Genius: The Mastery of Form
    Religion
    Epic Poetry
Lyric Poetry
Slice of Life: "The Worlds of Women and Men in Ancient Greece"
    Natural Philosophy
    Medicine
Architecture
    Sculpture
The Legacy of Archaic Greek Civilization
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 3
CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENIC AGE
General Characteristics of Hellenic Civilization
Domestic and Foreign Affairs: War, Peace, and the Triumph of Macedonia
Phases of the Hellenic Age
Technology
Shipbuilding
Warfare
The Perfection of the Tradition: The Glory of Hellenic Greece
    Theater: Tragedy
        Features of the Greek Theater
    Encounter: The Representation of Blacks in Greek Art
        Tragic Drama
        Aeschylus
        Sophocles
        Euripides
    Theater: Comedy
    Music
    History
    Philosophy, Science and Medicine
        The Pre-Socratics
        The Sophists
        The Socratic Revolution
        Plato
        Aristotle
    Architecture
        Sanctuaries
        The Temple: The Perfection of the Form
    Slice of Life: Xenophon, "Secrets of a Successful Marriage"
    Sculpture
The Legacy of Hellenic Civilization
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 4
CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENISTIC AGE
The Stages of Hellenistic History
    The End of the Empire and the Rise of the States
    The Arrival and Triumph of Rome
Urban Life in the Hellenistic Age
    Pergamum
    Alexandria in Egypt
    Slice of Life: Theocritus, "Street Scene in Hellenistic Egypt
The Elaboration of the Greek Tradition: The Spread of Classicism to the Hellenistic World
    Drama and Literature
    Philosophy and Religion
        Cynicism
        Skepticism
        Epicureanism
        Stoicism
        Fate and the Mystery Cults
Science and Medicine
Encounter: "The Invention of Parchment and the Birth of the Secular Library"
    Architecture
        The Corinthian Temple
        The Altar
    Sculpture
    Rhodes: Late Hellenistic Style
The Legacy of the Hellenistic World
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 5
ROMAN CIVILIZATION: THE PRE-CHRISTIAN CENTURIES
The Colossus of the Mediterranean World
    General Characteristics of Roman Civilization
Technology
Warfare
Construction
    The Etruscan and Greek Connections
    Rome in the Age of Kings, 753-509 B.C.
    The Roman Republic, 509-31 B.C.
        The Early Republic, 509-264 B.C.
        The Middle Republic, 264-133 B.C.
        The Late Republic, 133-31 B.C.
    Growing Autocracy: Imperial Rome, 31 B.C.-A.D. 284
        Pax Romana, 31 B.C.-A.D. 193
        Civil Wars, A.D. 193-284
The Style of Pre-Christian Rome: From Greek Imitation to Roman Grandeur
    Roman Religion
    Language, Literature, and Drama
        The First Literary Period, 250-31 B.C.

Slice of Life: "A College Student’s Letter Home"

The Second Literary Period: The Golden Age, 31 B.C.-A.D. 14-200
    Slice of Life: Marcus, Son of Cicero, "Changing My Ways"
        The Third Literary Period: The Silver Age, A.D. 14-200
    Philosophy
        Stoicism
        Neo-Platonism
Science and Medicine
    Law
    The Visual Arts
        Architecture
    Encounter: Roman Conquests and Romance Languages
        Sculpture

        Painting and Mosaics
    Music
The Legacy of Pre-Christian Rome
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 6
JUDAISM AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
Judaism
    The People and Their Religion
        Egypt, Exodus, and Moses
        The Kingdom of Israel
        The Babylonian Captivity and the Postexilic Period
        The Hellenistic and Roman Periods
        Societal and Family Relationships
    Slice of Life: "A Jewish Eyewitness to the Destruction of the Second Temple"
    The Bible
    Early Jewish Art and Architecture
Encounter: "Baal, A Rival to the Israelites' God"
Christianity
    The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament
    Christians and Jews
    Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and Philosophies
    Christians in the Roman Empire
    Slice of Life: "A Christian Mother Faces Death from Roman Authorities"
    Early Christian Literature
    Early Christian Art
The Legacy of Biblical Judaism and Early Christianity
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 7
THE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATE ROME, BYZANTIUM, AND THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST
The Last Days of the Roman Empire
    Diocletian’s Reforms and the Triumph of Christianity, 284-395
        The Great Persecution and Christian Toleration
        Early Christian Developments
    Christian Rome and the End of the Western Empire, 395-476
The Transition from Classical Humanism to Christian Civilization
    Literature, Theology, and History
        The Fathers of the Church
    Slice of Life: "A Father's Advice to His Sons"
        Church History
    The Visual Arts
        Architecture
        Sculpture
        Painting and Mosaics
    Music
Encounter: "Ancient Globalization: Rome and The Silk Road"
The Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantine Civilization, 476-1453
    History of the Byzantine Empire
Slice of Life: "A Father's Advice to HIs Sons
    Byzantine Culture: Christianity and Classicism
        The Orthodox Religion
Science and Technology
        Law and History
        Architecture and Mosaics
The Early Medieval West
    The Early Middle Ages: A Romano-Germanic Christianized World
    Religion and the Arts and Humanities in the Early Middle Ages
        Christianity: Leadership and Organization
        Literature, History, and Learning
        Music
        Architecture
        Painting: Illuminated Manuscripts
Technology
Warefare
Farming
The Legacy of Late Rome, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 8
THE WORLD OF ISLAM, 630-1517
Muhammad, The Prophet
Imperial Islam
    The Post-Muhammad Years
    The Umayyad Dynasty
    The Abbasid Dynasty
    The Seljuk Turk Empire
    Imperial Decline
Islam as Religion
Medieval Islamic Culture
    Medicine
Philosophy and History
Philiosophy
History
Technology
Papermaking
Hydraulics
Mechanical Engineering
Encounter: "An International Community of Scholars"
    Literature
        Poetry
        Prose
    Art and Architecture
        Architecture
        Painting
    Slice of Life: "Feard of Assimilation in a Multi-Cultural Society"
    Music
The Legacy of Medieval Islam
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 9
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: THE CHRISTIAN CENTURIES
Feudalism
    The Feudal System and the Feudal Society
    Peasant Life
    The Rise of Towns
    The Feudal Monarchy
        The French Monarchy
        The English Monarchy
        The Holy Roman Empire
        The Papal Monarchy
Medieval Christianity and the Church
    Encounter: Pagan Vikings versus Christian Europeans
Christian Beliefs and Practices
    Religious Orders and Lay Piety
    The Crusades
Slice of Life: "When Love Knows No Boundaries"
The Age of Synthesis: Equilibrium Between the Spiritual and the Secular
    Theology and Learning
        Cathedral Schools and the Development of Scholasticism
        Peter Abelard
        The Rise of the Universities
        Intellectual Controversy and Thomas Aquinas
    Science and Medicine
Science
Medicine
Literature
        Monastic and Feudal Writing
        Vernacular and Courtly Writing
        Dante
    Architecture and Art
        Romanesque Churches and Related Arts
        Gothic Churches and Related Arts
            Early Gothic Style, 1145-1194
            High Gothic Style, 1194-1300
    Music
Technology
Warfare
Waterpower and Windpower
Farming
The Legacy of the Christian Centuries
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 10
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: 1300--1500
Hard Times Come to Europe
    Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War
    Depopulation and Rebellion
    The Secular Monarchies
    The Papal Monarchy
Technology
The Rise of Industries
The Printing Press
The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages
    Religion
    Slice of Life: "A Gossip Columnist of the Late Middle Ages"
    Theology and Philosophy
        The Via Antiqua Versus the Via Moderna
        Duns Scotus and William of Ockham
        Science
    Literature
        Northern Italian Literature: Petrarch and Boccacio
        English Literature: Geoffrey Chaucer
        French Literature: Christine de Pizan
    Art and Architecture
        Late Gothic Architecture
        Late Gothic Sculpture
        Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends
    Music
The Legacy of the Late Middle Ages
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestion for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 11
THE EARLY RENAISSANCE: RETURN TO CLASSICAL ROOTS, 1400--1494
The Renaissance: Schools of Interpretation
Early Renaissance History and Institutions
    Italian City-States During the Early Renaissance
    Florence, the Center of the Renaissance
    The Resurgent Papcy, 1450-1500
The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance
    Humanism, Scholarship, and Schooling
    SLice of Life: Battle of the Sexes, Fifteenth Century Style
    Thought and Philosophy
    Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting
        Artistic Ideals and Innovations
        Architecture
        Sculpture
        Painting
Encounter: "The Influence of Islam on the European Renaissance"
    Music
The Legacy of the Early Renaissance
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestion for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 12
THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM, 1494--1564
The Rise of the Modern Sovereign State
    The Struggle for Italy, 1494-1529
    Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire
Economic Expansion and Social Developments
Demographics, Prosperity, and the Beginning of a Global Village
Technology
Science and Medicine
Encounter: Portuguese Exploration Sets the Stage of a New World
From High Renaissance to Early Mannerism
    Literature
        Gaspara Stampa
        Castiglione
        Machiavelli
    Painting
        Leonardo da Vinci
        Michelangelo
        Raphael
        The Venetian School: Giorgione and Titian
        The School of Parma: Parmigianino
    Sculpture
    SLice of Life: "Artists and Their Critics: Michelangelo's Strategy"
    Architecture
    Music
The Legacy of the High Renaissance and Early Mannerism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 13
NORTHERN HUMANISM, NORTHERN RENAISSANCE, RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS, AND LATE MANNERISM, 1500--1603
Northern Humanism
The Northern Renaissance
Northern Renaissance Thought and Science
Jean Bodin
Andreas Vesalius
    Northern Renaissance Literature
        Michel de Montaigne
        William Shakespeare
    Northern Renaissance Painting
        Albrecht Dürer
        Mathias Grunewald
        Hieronymus Bosch
        Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Encounter: "Indigineous Peoples and New Spain"
Slice of Life: "The Conscience of Sixteenth-Century Christian Europe: Bartolome de Las Casas From, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies"
The Breakup of Christendom: Causes of the Religious Reformations
    The Protestant Order
        Luther’s Revolt
            Luther’s Beliefs
            Social and Political Implications of Luther’s Revolt
        The Reforms of John Calvin
        The Reform of the English Church
    The Counter-Reformation
        The Reformed Papacy
        New Monastic Orders
        The Council of Trent
    Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent, 1520-1603
Late Mannerism
    Spanish Painting
    Spanish Literature
    Late Mannerist Painting in Italy: Tintoretto
    Music in Late-Sixteenth-Century Italy and England
The Legacy of Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 14
THE BAROQUE AGE: GLAMOUR AND GRANDIOSITY, 1600--1715
Absolutism, Monarchy, and the Balance of Power
    France: The Supreme Example of Absolutism
    England: From Monarchy to Republic to Limited Monarchy
    Warfare in the Baroque Period: Maintaining the Balance of Power
        The Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648
    Slice of Life: "Two Views of Power: Master and Servant"
Encounter: "Japan Closes Its Doors, Nearly"
        The Wars of Louis XIV, 1665-1713
The Baroque: Variations on an International Style
    The Florid Baroque
        Architecture
        Sculpture
        Painting
    The Classical Baroque
        Architecture
        Painting
    The Restrained Baroque
        Painting
        Architecture
    Literature
        Baroque Literature in France
        Baroque Literature in England
    Music
The Legacy of the Baroque Age
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 15
THE BAROQUE AGE II: REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL THOUGHT, 1600--1715
Theories of the Universe before the Scientific Revolution
The Magical and the Practical in the Scientific Revolution
    Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton
        Nicolas Copernicus
        Johannes Kepler
        Galileo Galilei
        Isaac Newton
    Medicine and Chemistry
    Technology
The Impact of Science on Philosophy
        Francis Bacon
        Rene Descartes
        Blaise Pascal
    Ironies and Contradictions of the Scientific Revolution
    Slice of Life: "Innocent or Guilty?"--A Seventeenth Century Witch Trial"
The Revolution in Political Philosophy
    Natural Law and Divine Right: Grotius and Bossuet
        Absolutism and Liberalism: Hobbes and Locke
European Exploration and Expansion
Responses to the Revolutions in Thought
    Encounter: The Sinews of Trade
    The Spread of Ideas
    Impact on the Arts
The Legacy of the Revolutions in Scientific and Political Thought
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 16
THE AGE OF REASON, 1700--1789
The Enlightenment
    The Philosophes and Their Program
    Religion
Deism
     Popular Religion
The Encyclopedie
    The Physiocrats
The Great Powers During the Age of Reason
    Society: Continuity and Change
    Absolutism, Limited Monarchy, and Enlightened Despotism
        France: The Successors to the Sun King
        Great Britain and the Hanoverian Kings
        Enlightened Despotism in Central and Eastern Europe
Cultural Trends in the Eighteenth Century: From Rococo to Neoclassical
    The Rococo Style in the Arts
        Rococo Painting
        Rococo Interiors
        The English Response
Encounter: Slavery and the French Revolution
    The Challenge of Neoclassicism
        Neoclassical Painting
The Print
        Neoclassical Architecture
    Philosophy
Political Philosophy
    David Hume
Literature
        French Writers: The Development of New Forms
        Neoclassicism in English Literature
    Slice of Life: "How to Manipulate the System: Lady Mary Wortly Mantagu"
        The Rise of the Novel
    Music
The Legacy of the Age of Reason
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 17
REVOLUTION, REACTION, AND CULTURAL RESPONSE, 1760--1830
The Industrial Revolution
    Industrialization in England
Slice of Life: "Life inside a 'Satanic Mill' in 1815: Elizabeth Bently"
    Classical Economics: The Rationale for Industrialization
Political Revolutions, 1760--1815
    The American Revolution
    The French Revolution
    Encounter: Slavery and the French Revolution
Technology
Reaction, 1815--1830
Revolutions in Art and Ideas: From Neoclassicism to Romanticism
    Neoclassicism in Literature After 1789
    Neoclassical Painting and Architecture After 1789
    Romanticism: Its Spirit and Expression
    The Romantic Movement in Literature
    Romantic Painting
Science and Philosophy
Science
Philosophy
    The Birth of Romantic Music
The Legacy of the Age of Revolution and Reaction
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 18
THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIE, 1830--1871
The Political and Economic Scene: Liberalism and Nationalism
    The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
    European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik
        Limited Reform in France and Great Britain
        Wars and Unification in Central Europe
    Civil War in the United States
    Industrialization, Technology, and Warfare
Industrialism: The Shrinking Globe
New Technologies
The Second Industrial Revolution
Symbols of the Bourgeois Age: the Crystal Palace and the Suez Canal
Encounter: The Tragedy of the Cherokee Nation
Nineteenth-Century Thought: Philosophy, Religion, and Science
    Liberalism Redefined
    Socialism
    Religion and the Challenge of Science
    Slice of Life: "Observing Human Behavior: The Classes and the Masses"
Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
    Literature
        The Height of French Romanticism
        Romanticism in the English Novel
        Romanticism in American Literature
        Realism in French and English Novels
        The Russian Realists
        Realism Among African American Writers
    Art and Architecture
        Neoclassicism and Romanticism After 1830
        The Rise of Realism in Art
    Photography
    Music
The Legacy of the Bourgeois Age
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 19
THE AGE OF EARLY MODERNISM, 1871--1914
Europe’s Rise to World Leadership
    The Second Industrial Revolution and the Making of Modern Life
    Response to Industrialism: Politics and Crisis
        Domestic Policies in the Heavily Industrialized West
    SLice of Life: "Winning the Right to Vote: Lady Constance Lytton"
        Domestic Policies in Central and Eastern Europe
    Imperialism and International Relations
        The Scramble for Colonies
        The Outbreak of World War I    
Early Modernism
    Philosophy, Psychology and Religion
     Nietzche
Freud and Jung
Religious Developments
Literature
        Naturalistic Literature
        Decadence in Literature
        Expressionist Literature
    The Advance of Science
    The Modernist Revolution in Art
        Impressionism
    Encounter: The French Impressionists Meet Ukiyo-e Art
        Post-Impressionism
        Fauvism, Cubism, and Expressionism
        New Directions in Sculpture and Architecture
    Music: From Impressionism to Jazz
The Legacy of Early Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 20
THE AGE OF THE MASSES AND THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM, 1914--1945
The Collapse of Old Certainties and the Search for New Values
    World War I and Its Aftermath
    Encounter: "Civil Disobedience and the campaign for Indian Independence"
The Great Depression of the 1930s
    The Rise of Totalitarianism
        Russian Communism
        European Fascism
    World War II: Origins and Outcome
The Zenith of Modernism
Mass Culture, technology, and Warfare
Mass Culture and New Technologies
Warfare
    Experimentation in Literature
        The Novel
        Poetry
        Drama
    Philosophy and Medicine
Philosophy
Science,br> Medicine
Slice of Life: "The Face of Evil: A Nazi Death Camp"
    Art, Architecture, Photography, and Film
        Painting
        Architecture
        Photograohy
Film
    Music: Atonality, Neoclassicism, and an American Idiom
The Legacy of the Age of the Masses and High Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 21
THE AGE OF ANXIETY AND LATE MODERNISM, 1945-1970
From a European to a World Civilization
    The Era of the Superpowers, 1945-1970
        Postwar Recovery and the New World Order
        The Cold War
        Emergence of the Third World
The End of Modernism
Philosophy and Religion
Political and Social Movements
Science and Technology
Slice of Life: "Humans in Space: 'One Giant Leap for Mankind'"
    The Literature of Late Modernism: Fiction, Poetry, and Drama
    The Literature of Post-Modernism
Fiction
Poetry
Drama
    Late Modernism and the Arts
        Painting
        Sculpture
        Architecture
Happenings
Late Modern Music
Encounter: "The Globalization of Popular Music"
Film
The Legacy of the Age of Late Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 22
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: GLOBALIZATION, TERROR, AND POST-MODERNISM
Toward a New Global Order, 1970-200
National Issues and International Realignment
The Fall of Communism
The Post-Cold War World
The Age of Terror, 2001-
The Birth of Post-Modernism
Medicine, Science, and Technology
Advances in Medicine
Genetics
Technological Breakthroughs
Philosophy and Religion
Philosophy
Religion and Religious Thought
Encounter: "Continental Drift: Demography and Migration"
The Literature of Post-Modernism
Fiction
Poetry
Drama
Post-Modernism and the Arts
Painting
Sculpture
Installation Art
Environmental Art
Video Art
Film
Post-Modern Music
Performance Art
Mass Culture
Slice of Life: "David Brooks, Trading Cricket for Jihad"
The Legacy of the Contemproary World
A Summing Up
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

APPENDIX
Writing for the Humanities: Research Papers and Essay Examinations
GLOSSARY
CREDITS
INDEX

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