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Fluid flow is classified as external or internal, depending on whether the
fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a conduit. Internal and external
flows exhibit very different characteristics. In this chapter we consider
internal flow where the conduit is completely filled with the fluid, and
flow is driven primarily by a pressure difference. This should not be confused
with open-channel flow (Chap. 11) where the conduit is partially filled
by the fluid and thus the flow is partially bounded by solid surfaces, as in an
irrigation ditch, and flow is driven by gravity alone.
We start this chapter with a general physical description of internal flow
through pipes and ducts including the entrance region and the fully developed
region. We continue with a discussion of the dimensionless Reynolds
number and its physical significance. We then introduce the pressure drop
correlations associated with pipe flow for both laminar and turbulent flows.
Then we discuss minor losses and determine the pressure drop and pumping
power requirements for real-world piping systems. Finally, we present a
brief overview of flow measurement devices.
