| ABC model | A model of human behavior in
which an activating event (A) triggers an irrational
belief (B), which then triggers negative
behavioral consequences (C).
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| ABCDE method | An approach to coping with
negative thoughts and feelings by disputing
(D) the irrational beliefs that trigger them and
exchanging them (E) for more positive ones.
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| accomplishment | Anything completed
through effort, skill, or persistence.
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| accuracy | Factual truth.
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| activating event | In the ABC model, a negative
event that triggers an irrational, self-destructive
belief.
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| active listening | Listening with understanding
and paying close attention to what is being said.
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| adapting | Being flexible to change.
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| aerobic exercise | Sustained, rhythmic physical
activity that causes a temporary increase in heart
and breathing rate.
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| affirmation | A positive self-statement that
helps a person think of himself or herself in a
positive, caring, and accepting way.
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| aggression | Behavior intended to harm or
injure a person or object.
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| all-or-nothing thinking | A cognitive distortion
in which people view issues as black and white,
with no shades of grey in between.
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| anaerobic exercise | High-intensity exercise
that strengthens muscles and involves short
bursts of intense exertion.
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| anger | A strong feeling of displeasure, resentment,
or hostility.
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| antibodies | Proteins produced by the immune
system to fight disease.
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| anxiety | A generalized feeling of worry and
nervousness that does not have any specific
cause.
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| assertiveness | Standing up for one’s rights
without threatening the self-esteem of the other
person.
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| attending | An active listening skill that involves
being focused, alert, and open to receiving
information.
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| attitude | A belief or opinion that predisposes
people to act in a certain way.
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| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | The part of
the nervous system that monitors and controls
most involuntary functions, including heartbeat
and sweating.
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| autonomy | Freedom of choice, independence,
and the chance to exercise independent
judgment.
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| avoidance | An unwillingness to face uncomfortable
situations or psychological realities.
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| behavior | Anything that people think, feel,
or do.
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| belongingness | Fulfilling relationships with
others.
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| biofeedback | A treatment technique that uses
electronic instruments to measure and display
information about a patient’s bodily processes
(such as heartbeat) in order to help the patient
gain greater control over them.
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| blind self | In the Johari window, information
that other people can see about a person, but
that the person cannot see about him- or herself.
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| body image | How a person thinks and feels
about his or her body and appearance.
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| body language | Facial expressions, posture,
and gestures.
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| breadth | 1. In critical thinking, the degree to
which a statement considers other arguments
and points of view. 2. In relationships, the
number of topics one discusses with another
person.
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| budget | A money management plan that specifies
how a person will spend his or her money
during a particular period.
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| catastrophizing | Dramatically exaggerating the
negative consequences of any minor event.
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| channel | The medium in which a message is
delivered.
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| clinical psychologist | A psychologist who
diagnoses and treats individuals with emotional
disturbances.
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| closed question | A question worded in a way
that elicits only a one- or two-word answer.
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| cognition | Mental processing of information in
any form.
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| cognitive distortion | A self-critical, illogical
pattern of thought.
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| cognitive therapy | A technique of psychotherapy
based on the idea that the way we think
affects how we feel.
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| collective identity | The sum of the social roles
an individual plays and the social groups to
which he or she belongs.
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| collectivism | A philosophy that values group
goals over individual goals and defines a
person’s identity more through group identifications
than through personal attributes.
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| comfort zone | The place in the mind where a
person feels safe and knows that he or she can
succeed.
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| committed time | Time devoted to school,
work, family, volunteering, and other activities
that relate to short-term and long-term goals.
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| communication | The process of giving or
exchanging messages.
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| competence | The ability to do something well.
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| complaint | The sharing of distress, discomfort,
or worry with another person.
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| conditional positive regard | Love and acceptance
of a person, particularly a child, on the
condition that he or she behave in a certain way.
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| conflict | 1. Disagreement that occurs when
individuals or groups clash over needs, values,
emotions, or power. 2. Indecision that occurs
when no option is significantly more attractive
than the others.
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| conformity | A change in behavior caused by a
desire to follow the norms of a group.
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| conscious mind | The part of the brain that controls
the mental processes of which one is aware.
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| consciousness | Awareness of the sensations,
thoughts, and feelings one is experiencing at a
given moment.
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| consensus | Agreement by most, but not all,
members of a group.
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| consequences | In the ABC model, negative
feelings and behaviors that result from irrational
beliefs.
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| constructive criticism | Criticism that focuses
on specific behavior and that usually mentions
positive points and offers suggestions for
improvement.
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| context | The time and place of communication.
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| coping | Facing up to unpleasant or threatening
situations.
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| coping skills | Behaviors that help a person deal
with stress and other unpleasant situations.
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| cortisol | A steroid hormone that regulates
metabolism and blood pressure and that is
released into the bloodstream during times of
stress.
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| credit | A sum of money a person can use
before having to pay back the lender.
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| credit record | A log of the financial habits of a
person who buys on credit.
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| critical thinking | Active, self-reflective
thinking.
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| criticism | Any remark that contains a judgment,
evaluation, or statement of fault.
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| cultural awareness | Ability to recognize the
ways in which cultures differ and how these
differences affect cross-cultural interactions.
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| culture | The behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and
traditions shared by a large social group and
transmitted from one generation to the next.
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| debit card | A plastic bank card that can be used
both as an ATM card and as a credit card.
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| debt | 1. Money owed to a lender. 2. The state
of owing money to a lender.
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| decision | A reasoned choice among several
options, or possible courses of action.
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| decision-making process | A logical series of
steps to identify and evaluate options and arrive
at a good choice.
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| deindividuation | A state of reduced inhibition
and self-awareness that can lead group members
to do things they would never do alone.
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| denial | The unhealthy practice of reducing
anxiety by ridding the mind of painful thoughts
and feelings.
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| depression | An illness characterized by profound
feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and
helplessness.
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| depth | 1. In critical thinking, the degree to
which a statement digs below the surface to
consider the substance of the issue. 2. In relationships,
the importance and self-relevance of
the topics one discusses with another person.
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| desire | A conscious drive to attain a satisfying
goal.
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| despair | An unpleasant feeling of hopelessness
and defeat.
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| destructive criticism | Criticism that addresses
a person’s attitude or some other aspect of
him- or herself instead of focusing on specific
behavior.
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| discretionary expenses | Lifestyle expenses that
are rewarding but not strictly necessary.
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| discretionary time | Time that can be used
however one wishes.
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| discrimination | The act of treating a person
or group differently based on a characteristic.
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| disgust | A negative feeling of aversion or repulsion
toward someone or something.
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| dispute | To confront irrational beliefs with the
reality of the situation.
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| distress | Stress caused by negative events that
produces negative physical and emotional effects.
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| diversity | Variety.
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| downward comparison | A type of social
comparison that involves comparing oneself to
people who are less successful in a certain area.
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| dream | An aspiration, hope, or vision of the
future that gives one’s life direction.
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| 80/20 rule | The theory that the relationship
between input and output, or effort and results,
is not balanced.
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| embarrassment | An unpleasant feeling that
occurs when a person believes that others have
found a flaw in him or her.
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| emotion | A subjective feeling that is accompanied
by physical and behavioral changes.
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| emotional awareness | The process of recognizing,
identifying, and accepting one’s emotions.
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| emotional reasoning | A cognitive distortion in
which people believe that whatever they feel is
true must really be true.
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| emotional support | The giving of trust, empathy,
caring, love, concern, and unconditional
approval.
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| empathy | Awareness of and sensitivity to the
feelings, thoughts, and experiences of others.
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| encouraging | An active listening skill that
involves showing a desire to listen.
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| endorphins | Proteins in the brain that act as
natural painkillers.
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| escape response | A behavior used to avoid
dealing with a problem.
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| esteem | 1. (v.) To appreciate the value or
worth of a person or thing. 2. (n.) Appreciation
and high regard.
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| ethics | The principles one uses to define
acceptable behavior and decide what is right and
wrong.
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| eustress | Stress caused by positive events that
provides a surge of energy.
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| external obstacle | A barrier caused by factors
in the outside world, such as a person or an
event.
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| extrinsic | External.
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| extrinsic goals | Goals related to looking good
to others, earning a reward, or avoiding negative
consequences.
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| extrinsic motivation | Motivation that comes
from outside.
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| facial expressions | A type of body language
involving movements of the mouth, the eyebrows
and forehead, and the eyes.
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| failure | An unwanted outcome.
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| fear | An unpleasant feeling of anxiety caused
by the anticipation of danger.
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| feedback | In communication, the receiver’s
response to the sender’s message.
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| filtering | A cognitive distortion in which
people block positive inputs and focus on negative
ones.
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| finance charges | Fees that are charged by
lenders, usually based on the amount of money
owed.
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| finances | Monetary resources.
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| fixed committed expenses | Necessary expenses
that are the same from month to month.
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| framing effect | The decision-making bias that
results from the way a decision, question, or
problem is worded.
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| gender | The set of characteristics used to define
male and female.
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| gender bias | When someone is treated differently
or unfairly due to one’s gender.
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| gender role | Society’s expectations of how
males and females should think, feel, and act.
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| gestures | A type of body language involving
movements of the arms, hands, legs, and feet.
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| goal | An outcome that a person wants to
achieve and toward which he or she directs
focused effort.
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| group | A set of people (usually three or more)
who influence each other.
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| groupthink | A type of simplistic thinking used
by group members when they are more concerned
with maintaining a clubby atmosphere
than with thinking critically.
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| guilt | A negative feeling that occurs when a
person believes that his or her actions have
harmed someone else.
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| habit | A behavior that has become automatic
through repetition.
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| happiness | A state of well-being that comes
from having a positive evaluation of one’s life.
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| hassles | Small, stress-causing annoyances of
everyday life.
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| helpless thinking | A cognitive distortion in
which people believe that their lives are not
under their control.
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| hidden self | In the Johari window, information
that a person knows about him- or herself but
that he or she hides from other people.
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| hierarchy of needs | A diagram of the five
central human needs arranged from the most
basic to the most complex.
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| “I” statement | A statement about a problem
that begins with the word I and that communicates
feelings without blaming the other person
for the problem.
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| ideal self | The person one wants to be or feels
he or she ought to be.
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| identity | How a person chooses to define him or herself to the world.
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| imagination | The creative power of the mind.
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| important | Relating to one’s personal or work
goals.
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| impulse | A sudden wish or feeling that can lead
to unplanned and unwise actions.
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| impulse buying | Spending money on the spur
of the moment, without planning.
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| incentive | A reward offered in order to motivate
a person to do something.
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| income | All the money a person receives during
a fixed period of time.
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| individual identity | The physical and psychological
characteristics that distinguish an
individual.
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| individualism | A philosophy that values
individual goals over group goals and defines
identity more through personal attributes than
through group identifications.
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| inner critic | The critical voice that bombards
people with constant negative self-talk.
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| instrumental support | The giving of resources
such as money, labor, time, advice, and
information.
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| intelligence | A set of abilities that enables
a person to solve certain types of real-world
problems.
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| interests | Personal preferences for specific
topics or activities.
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| internal obstacle | A barrier caused by factors
within oneself, such as perfectionism or low
motivation.
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| interpersonal communication | One-on-one,
usually face-to-face communication.
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| interpersonal relationship | A relationship
between two people.
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| intimacy | A sense of closeness, caring, and
mutual acceptance that comes from sharing
one’s true inner self.
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| intrinsic | Internal.
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| intrinsic goals | Goals related to things that a
person enjoys and that will help him or her grow
as a person.
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| intrinsic motivation | Motivation that comes
from inside.
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| irrational belief | A distorted, self-destructive
idea or assumption that interferes with one’s
thinking.
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| job-specific skill | The ability to do a specific
task or job.
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| Johari window | A model of self-awareness
and self-disclosure that shows the proportion
of information about a person that he or she is
aware of and that other people are aware of.
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| joy | A feeling of happiness one experiences
following achievement of a goal.
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| judgmentalism | The habit of condemning
people or things because they are not the way
one thinks they should be.
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| knowledge | An understanding of facts or
principles in a particular subject area.
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| label | A simplistic statement that people use to
define who they are.
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| life coach | A professional motivator who helps
clients identify their goals and make the changes
necessary to lead a more rewarding life.
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| logic | The process of reasoning correctly and
drawing the correct conclusions from the facts.
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| logos | Science, study; one of the two Greek
roots of the word psychology.
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| loneliness | Sadness about being alone.
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| long-term consequences | The distant, often
unpredictable results of an action.
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| long-term goal | A goal one plans to achieve in
the more distant future.
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| love | A feeling of affection, devotion, or attachment
toward someone.
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| magical thinking | Believing that one’s
thoughts control events.
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| maintenance time | Time devoted to maintaining,
or taking care of, oneself and one’s
surroundings.
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| meditation | The practice of calming and emptying
the mind by focusing on one particular
element, such as a sound, a word, an image, or
one’s breathing.
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| message | An expression of thought or feeling;
the content of communication.
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| mind reading | A cognitive distortion in which
people think bad thoughts about themselves and
therefore assume that everyone else is doing the
same.
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| mistake | Anything a person did in the past
that he or she now wishes he or she had done
differently.
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| money | A convenient medium of exchange
used to pay for goods and services.
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| money management | The intelligent use of
money to achieve one’s goals.
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| motivation | The force that moves a person to
action.
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| need | Something a person must have in order
to survive and thrive.
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| negative escape response | An escape response
that makes a person feel better temporarily but
that eventually makes the problem worse.
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| negative motivation | The drive to do something
in order to avoid negative consequences.
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| negative thinking | Focusing on the flaws and
problems in oneself, other people, and the world.
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| nervous system | A system of nerve cells that
regulates behavior by transmitting messages
back and forth between the brain and the other
parts of the body.
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| neurons | Cells in the nervous system that transmit
messages via chemical and electric signals.
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| nonverbal communication | The process of
giving or exchanging messages without words.
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| norms | Standards or rules that define appropriate
and inappropriate behavior in specific
social positions and settings.
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| obstacle | Any barrier that prevents a person
from achieving his or her goals.
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| open question | A question worded in a way
that allows a broad range of responses.
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| open self | In the Johari window, information
that a person knows about him- or herself and
that he or she has no reason to hide from other
people.
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| optimism | The tendency to expect the best
possible outcome.
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| overgeneralizing | Drawing broad negative
conclusions based on limited evidence.
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| paraphrasing | An active listening skill that
involves restating the factual content of a
speaker’s message.
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| parasympathetic nervous system | The part of
the autonomic nervous system that calms the
body after a stressful emergency situation.
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| passive-aggression | Indirect, disguised aggression
toward others.
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| perfectionism | The belief that a person is only
worthwhile if he or she is perfect.
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| persistence | The ability to go on despite opposition,
setbacks, and occasional doubts.
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| personal digital assistant (PDA) | A small
wireless electronic device that provides basic
record-keeping tools, such as a to-do list and
schedule.
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| personality | The relatively stable pattern of
behavior that distinguishes one person from all
other people.
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| personalizing | Assuming that everything has
to do with oneself somehow.
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| pessimism | The tendency to expect the worst
possible outcome.
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| positive escape response | An escape response
that makes a person feel better and does not
make the problem worse.
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| positive motivation | A drive to do something
because it will help accomplish a goal.
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| positive stereotype | Positive but oversimplified
beliefs about the attributes of a group and its
members.
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| positive thinking | Focusing on what is good
about oneself, other people, and the world.
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| possible selves | The person or persons we
might realistically become in the future.
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| posture | A type of body language that involves
the way a person carries him- or herself when
sitting or standing.
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| precision | Exactness.
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| prejudice | A negative feeling or attitude toward
a group that is based on oversimplified beliefs
about that group.
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| pride | A positive feeling that occurs when a
person achieves a personal success.
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| prioritize | To arrange in order of importance.
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| private self-consciousness | The tendency to be
aware of the private, inward aspects of oneself.
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| probing | Asking for specifics from a person
who has given a general or vague criticism.
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| procrastination | The habit of putting off tasks
until the last minute.
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| progressive muscle relaxation | A stress-relief
technique that involves tensing and relaxing
muscle groups in sequence in order to reduce
tension.
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| psyche | Mind; one of the two Greek roots of
the word psychology.
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| psychologist | A person who studies human
behavior with the goal of describing, predicting,
explaining, and (in some cases) changing it.
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| psychology | The scientific study of human
behavior.
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| public self-consciousness | The tendency to
be aware of the aspects of oneself that are on
display in social situations.
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| rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) | An approach to coping with problems that
focuses on uncovering people’s irrational beliefs
and transforming them into rational, helpful
ones.
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| receiver | In communication, the person who
takes in, or receives, a message.
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| recreational shopping | The use of shopping,
especially in malls, as a form of entertainment.
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| reflecting | An active listening skill that involves
restating the emotional content of a speaker’s
message.
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| regret | The feeling of wishing one had decided
something differently.
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| relational identity | How an individual identifies
him- or herself in relation to important
others.
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| relationship | A meaningful connection with
another human being.
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| resource | Something that is ready for use and
can be drawn upon as needed.
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| responding | An active listening skill that
involves giving constructive feedback.
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| responsibility | The ability to make independent,
proactive decisions and to accept the
consequences of them.
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| role modelQ | A person who has the qualities one
would like to have.
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| sadness | A somber emotion of sorrow over a
loss.
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| schedule | A chart showing dates and times by
which tasks must be completed.
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| selective listening | The process of choosing
what one wants to hear and ignoring the rest.
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| self | The sense of being a unique, conscious
being.
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| self-acceptance | Recognition and acceptance of
what is true about oneself.
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| self-actualization | Reaching one’s full potential
and achieving long-term personal growth.
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| self-awareness | The process of paying attention
to oneself.
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| self-blame | A cognitive distortion in which
people blame everything on themselves, regardless
of the real cause.
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| self-consciousness | The tendency to frequently
think about and observe oneself.
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| self-defeating attitude | A negative attitude
about oneself that leads to failure.
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| self-determination | Determining the path
one’s life travels.
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| self-direction | The ability to set a well-defined
goal and work toward it.
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| self-discipline | The process of teaching oneself
to do what is necessary to reach important
goals, without becoming sidetracked by bad
habits.
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| self-disclosure | Communicating one’s real
thoughts, desires, and feelings.
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| self-esteem | Confidence in and respect for
oneself.
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| self-expectancy | A person’s belief that he or
she is able to achieve what he or she wants in
life.
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| self-handicapping | Creating obstacles to one’s
own success in order to have a handy excuse for
doing poorly.
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| self-honesty | The ability to see one’s own
strengths and weaknesses clearly.
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| self-hypnosis | The practice of entering a state
of reduced consciousness in order to make
the subconscious mind receptive to positive
messages.
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| self-image | All the beliefs a person has about
him- or herself.
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| self-presentation | Altering one’s behavior to
make a good impression on others.
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| self-talk | What people say or think to themselves
about themselves.
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| sender | In communication, the person who
translates a thought or feeling into a message
and then sends that message to another person.
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| sex | The biological category of male or female.
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| shame | A negative feeling that occurs following
a personal failure.
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| short-term consequences | The immediate,
often predictable results of an action.
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| short-term goal | A goal with a specific plan of
action to accomplish now or in the near future.
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| shyness | Anxiety in social situations that comes
from worrying about what others will think of
oneself.
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| skill | The ability to do something specific as a
result of learning and practice.
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| social comparison | The practice of comparing
one’s traits and accomplishments with those of
others.
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| social role | A set of norms that defines how
people are supposed to behave in a given social
position or setting.
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| social support | Words and actions from other
people that help a person feel valued, cared for,
and connected to a community.
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| stereotype | A set of oversimplified beliefs
about the attributes of a group and its members.
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| stress | A physical and psychological reaction
to the demands of life.
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| stressor | Any cause of stress, such as a problem,
challenge, or change.
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| subconscious mind | The part of the brain that
controls the mental processes of which one is
not actively aware.
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| success | Lifetime fulfillment that comes from
creating a sense of meaning in one’s work and
personal life.
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| sympathetic nervous system | The part of the
autonomic nervous system that prepares the
body for stressful emergency situations.
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| t’ai chi | An ancient Chinese martial art that
increases balance and concentration through
gentle, flowing movements and deep breathing
exercises.
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| taboo | A cultural prohibition on saying, touching,
or doing a certain thing.
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| time management | The planned, efficient use
of time.
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| to-do list | A personal checklist of tasks and
activities that need to be completed over the
course of a certain period, such as a week.
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| trait | A disposition to behave in a certain way,
regardless of the situation.
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| transferable skill | An ability that can be used
in a variety of tasks and jobs.
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| trigger | A person or situation that provokes
anger.
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| uncertainty | Not knowing what the consequences
of a decision will be for oneself and
others.
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| unconditional positive regard | Love and
acceptance of a person, particularly a child,
regardless of his or her particular behavior.
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| unknown self | In the Johari window, information
that no one can see about a person, such
as his or her unknown talents, abilities, and
attitudes, as well as forgotten and repressed
experiences and emotions.
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| uplifts | Small, positive moments and activities
of everyday life that help relieve stress.
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| upward comparison | A type of social comparison
that involves comparing oneself to people
who are more successful in a certain area.
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| urgent | Calling for immediate action.
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| values | The beliefs and principles that one
chooses to live by.
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| variable committed expenses | Necessary
expenses that vary from month to month.
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| vicious cycle | A chain of events in which one
negative event causes another negative event.
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| visualization | The process of creating detailed
mental pictures of the behaviors one wishes to
carry out.
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| want | Something a person can survive and
thrive without.
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| worry | Distress and anxiety caused by contemplating
worst-case scenarios.
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| yoga | A spiritual and physical practice that
involves stretches, breathing exercises, relaxation,
and sometimes meditation.
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| “you” statement | A statement about a problem
that begins with the word you and accuses the
other person of causing the problem.
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