The Political and Economic Scene: Liberalism and Nationalism
Liberalism
Definition
Ideals and influence
Nationalism
Definition
Ideals and influence to 1848
The revolutions of 1830 and 1848
The 1830 uprising in France and the bourgeois monarchy
The failed revolutions in central and southern Europe
Background to the 1848 revolutions
The path of revolution: Paris through Berlin to Vienna
The failed revolutions and the rise of Realpolitik
European affairs in the grip of Realpolitik
The lessons of Realpolitik
Limited reforms in France and Great Britain
a) France
(1) Napoleon III maneuvers to power
(2) Benign despotism
b) Great Britain
(1) Electoral reforms
(2) Economic prosperity
Wars and unification in central Europe
a) Power struggle between Austria and Prussia
b) The Bismarck era and the unification of Germany
c) The unification of Italy
Civil War in the United States
Sectional tension
The slavery question
Civil War, abolition of slavery, and Reconstruction
Industrialism, technology, and warfare
On the continent and beyond, industrialization leads to expanded technology
a) Steam technology: expanded railway systems, water turbine-powered mills and hydroelectric plants, steamboats
b) Communications technology: the telegraph
c) Gas lighting
d) Military technology
England: phase two
Travel, communications, and raw materials
The Crystal Palace: the first world's fair
The Suez Canal: a short water route to Asia
Condition of the workers
Increased suffrage
Nineteenth-Century Thought: Philosophy, Religion, and Science
The liberal tradition and the socialist challenge
Liberalism redefined
a) Jeremy Bentham: utilitarianism
b) John Stuart Mill
(1) Marx and Engels
(2) Dialectical materialism
(3) Formation of international socialist organization
(4) Little influence before 1871
Religion and the challenge of science
The higher criticism
Science
a) Geology discredits the biblical view of creation
b) Biology questions the divine image of human beings
c) Pasteur: the germ theory of disease
d) Chemistry: advances in atomic theory, anesthetics, and surgery
Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
Order and escape
Neoclassicism and romanticism adopted by the middle class
a) Art becomes routinized
b) The development of "official art"
The challenge of realism
a) Rejection of neoclassicism and romanticism
b) Art with a moral point of view, focused on ordinary people
c) Influences on realism
Literature
Overview
a) Romanticism: free will
b) Realism: deterministic
The height of French romanticism
a) Hugo
(1) Hernani
(2) Les Misérables
b) Sand
(1) Her life and values
(2) Indiana
Romanticism in the English novel: the Brontë sisters
a) Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights
b) Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre
Romanticism in American literature
a) Transcendentalism
(1) Defined
(2) Thoreau: Walden and On the Duty of Civil Disobedience
b) Poetry
(1) Emily Dickinson
(2) Walt Whitman
Realism in French and English novels
a) Balzac and The Human Comedy
b) Flaubert and Madame Bovary
c) The English realists