After studying this chapter, students should understand and be able to discuss the following:
The major characteristics of "modern life" and early modernism, 1871–1914
The causes and nature of the Second Industrial Revolution and its effect on society—in particular, on women
How the heavily industrialized nations reacted to the Second Industrial Revolution
The social and economic policies of central and eastern Europe, 1871–1914
The characteristics, origins, and results of late-nineteenth-century imperialism
The long-range and immediate causes of World War I
The directions of late-nineteenth-century philosophy and specifically the philosophy of Nietzsche
The ideas and achievements of Sigmund Freud
The ideas and contributions of Carl Jung
The meaning in early modernist literature of naturalism, decadence, and expressionism, along with the major voices and representative writings
Innovations in science, the discoverers, and their long-range significance
The ideas of Albert Einstein and their implications
The origins and characteristics of impressionism, its most important artists, representative paintings, and its influence on later schools of art
The postimpressionists, representative paintings, and their impact
The nature of fauvism, cubism, and expressionism; the leading artists and representative works in each of these styles; and the three movements' influence on later styles
Late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century trends in sculpture and architecture, the major sculptors and architects, and representative works
Developments in music, including innovations, new schools, leading composers, and representative works
Historic "firsts" during the period of early modernism that became part of the Western tradition: imperialism and colonial empires; Western dominance of the non-Western world through goods, ideas, and values; anti-imperialistic attitudes outside of the West; a new stage of industrialism in the West and the beginning of industrialism outside of the West; early modernism (1) in art, impressionism, postimpressionism, cubism, fauvism, and expressionism along with the postimpressionist trends of expressionism, abstraction, and primitivism and fantasy, (2) in literature, naturalism, decadence, and expressionism, (3) in sculpture, the eclectic style of Rodin, (4) in architecture, functionalism and the organic style, and (5) in music, impressionism, expressionism, and jazz; Nietzsche's philosophy; Freudian psychology; Jungian psychology; and psychoanalysis
The role of early modernism in transmitting the heritage of earlier civilizations: intensifying militant nationalism, absorbing and adjusting to new developments in industrialism, continuing advances in science; increasing the spread of public education, continuing the trend to a secularized culture, reinterpreting romanticism
