The Collapse of Old Certainties and the Search for New Values
Historical overview
World War I and its aftermath
The Central Powers
The Allied Powers
The events of spring 1917
a) The United States joins the Allies
b) Revolution in Russia, which becomes the Soviet Union
The Versailles Treaty
Postwar developments to 1930
a) Prosperity in Britain, France, and the United States
b) Contrasting events in Germany and Austria
c) Stock market crash, 1929
The Great Depression of the 1930s
Attempts to restore the economy
a) France, Great Britain, and the United States
b) Germany
Prosperity in Japan
The rise of totalitarianism
Background
a) The defeat of democratic hopes after Versailles
b) Definition of totalitarianism
Russian communism
a) Lenin's revision of Marxism
b) Conditions in the Soviet Union
c) Bolshevik revolution
d) The struggle for power after Lenin's death
e) The Stalin era
European fascism
a) Definition and characteristics
b) Mussolini and Italy, the first fascist state
c) Hitler and the Nazis in Germany
d) Franco and Spain
World War II: origins and outcome
Origins
a) The Versailles Treaty
b) The Great Depression
c) Nationalistic feelings
The course of the war
The Holocaust
a) Jews
b) Gypsies, homosexual men, and others
The Zenith of Modernism
Background
Avant-garde developments
Mass culture, technology, and warfare
a) Definition
b) Features
c) Developments in communications and military technologies between the world wars
d) The defining role of the United States
Experimentation in literature
The novel
a) Stream-of-consciousness writing
b) Joyce's Ulysses
c) Woolf's To the Lighthouse and other works
d) Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises
e) Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha novels
f) Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover
g) Orwell: a writer for all seasons
Poetry
a) Yeats
b) Eliot
c) The Harlem Renaissance: Hughes and Hurston
Drama
a) Brecht and "epic theater"
b) Cocteau
c) O'Neill
Philosophy and science: the end of certainty
Idealist philosophy replaced
The logical positivist school: Wittgenstein
The existentialist school
a) Heidegger
b) Sartre
Physics
a) Einstein and the general relativity theory
b) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
c) Opening of the nuclear age
Eugenics
Art, architecture, and film
Painting
a) Abstraction
(1) Malevich and Suprematism
(2) Mondrian and De Stijl
(3) Picasso's Guernica
(4) O'Keeffe
b) Primitivism and fantasy
(1) Duchamps and Dada
(2) Surrealism: Dali, Klee, and Kahlo
c) Expressionism
(1) Beckmann
(2) Matisse
Architecture
a) The Bauhaus
b) The International style
Photography
a) Historical records versus art
b) Photojournalism
Film
a) Film versus movies
b) Griffith
c) Eisenstein
d) Riefenstahl
e) Developments in Hollywood
f) Welles
Music: atonality, neoclassicism, American idioms
a) Schoenberg and serial music
b) Stravinsky and neoclassicism
c) American music
(1) Ives
(2) Copland
(3) Antheil
(4) Still
(5) Jazz
The Legacy of the Age of the Masses and the Zenith of Modernism
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