The following summarizes what a student should have learned from reading this chapter of A History of Western Art.

It is assumed that students can identify all works by title, artist (if known), culture (or nationality) and time period, medium, and style. It is also assumed that students will look up and be able to define the bolded key terms. In addition, further examples of what a student should be familiar with are listed below.

After reading Chapter 18, you should be able to do the following:

1. Discuss the conflict between humanism and the Counter-Reformation.
2. Describe the humanist character of Erasmus and Bruegel.
3. Discuss the role of the proverb.
4. Discuss the features of Bosch’s Garden of Earthly Delights.
5. Explain the subtexts of Bruegel’s iconography.
6. Describe the development of printmaking.
7. Describe the myth of the mad artist and its intellectual origins.
8. Describe the iconography, function, and context of the Isenheim Altarpiece.
9. Describe the Northern assimilation of Classical mythology.
10. Compare Northern sixteenth-century painting with that of the High Renaissance in Italy.