The following summarizes what a student should have learned from reading this chapter of A History of Western Art.

It is assumed that students can identify all works by title, artist (if known), culture (or nationality) and time period, medium, and style. It is also assumed that students will look up and be able to define the bolded key terms. In addition, further examples of what a student should be familiar with are listed below.

After reading Chapter 23, you should be able to do the following:

1. Describe the social and political changes of the first half of the nineteenth century.
2. Describe the production of multiple images in the nineteenth century, and their impact on the arts.
3. Compare literary Realism with Realism in the arts.
4. Discuss the various “manifestos” of the nineteenth century.
5. Compare the reclining nudes of Manet and Courbet with earlier examples of the theme.
6. Describe and explain the reception of Manet’s Déjeuner sur l’Herbe and Olympia in France.
7. Describe the process of lithography.
8. Describe the development of photography.
9. Describe the uses of photography.
10. Argue the case for considering photography an art.
11. Describe the impact of iron and steel on nineteenth-century architecture in Europe and America.
12. Discuss the development of the skyscraper.