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Cone of Depression and Saltwater Intrusion during Groundwater Pumping
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1

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Which statement accurately describes the relationship between fresh groundwater and salty groundwater?
A)salty groundwater is less dense than fresh groundwater and mixes with it in the ground
B)salty groundwater is more dense than fresh groundwater and mixes with it in the ground
C)salty groundwater is equal in density to freshwater and mixes with it in the ground
D)salty groundwater is less dense than fresh groundwater and sits above it in the ground
E)salty groundwater is more dense than fresh groundwater and sits below it in the ground
2
During the initial growth of a cone of depression, what is its effect on the natural hydraulic gradient of groundwater near the coast?
A)the cone of depression increases the natural hydraulic gradient
B)the cone of depression stabilizes the natural hydraulic gradient
C)the cone of depression reduces the natural hydraulic gradient
D)the cone of depression reduces the amount of groundwater flow to the shoreline
E)both c and d
3
If the natural hydraulic gradient at the shoreline is reduced, what happens to the freshwater-saltwater interface?
A)the freshwater-saltwater interface becomes more defined
B)the freshwater-saltwater interface becomes diffuse
C)the freshwater-saltwater interface remains stable
D)the freshwater-saltwater interface shifts landward
E)the freshwater-saltwater interface shifts seaward
4
If pumping is excessive and the cone of depression grows too much, what happens to the natural hydraulic gradient at the shoreline?
A)the natural hydraulic gradient increases steeply
B)the natural hydraulic gradient decreases to zero
C)the natural hydraulic gradient reverses
D)the natural hydraulic gradient disappears
E)the natural hydraulic gradient reaches the sea
5
Which of the following is a consequence of active saltwater encroachment?
A)wells begin pumping saltwater
B)the natural hydraulic gradient is reversed
C)the saltwater interface moves rapidly inland
D)all of the above
E)none of the above





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