altruism | Motivation to help others without expectation of reward; may involve self-denial or self-sacrifice. 303
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authoritarian parenting | In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style emphasizing control and obedience. 301
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authoritative parenting | In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style blending warmth and respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values. 301
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constructive play | In Smilansky's terminology, second cognitive level of play, involving use of objects or materials to make something; also called object play. 295
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corporal punishment | Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior. 299
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discipline | Methods of molding children's character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior. 298
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dramatic play | Play involving imaginary people or situations; also called fantasy play, pretend play, or imaginative play. 295
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formal games with rules | Organized games with known procedures and penalties. 295
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functional play | In Smilansky's terminology, lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements; also called locomotor play. 295
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gender constancy | Awareness that one will always be male or female. Also called sex-category constancy. 289
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gender identity | Awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female. 286
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gender roles | Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex; differs for males and females. 287
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gender segregation | Tendency to select playmates of one's own gender. 297
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gender stereotypes | Preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior. 287
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gender-schema theory | Theory, proposed by Bem, that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture. 290
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gender-typing | Socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles. 226, 287
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identification | In Freudian theory, process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex. 289
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inductive techniques | Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness. 299
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initiative versus guilt | Erikson's third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with moral reservations that may prevent carrying them out. 285
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instrumental aggression | Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal. 304, 382
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overt (direct) aggression | Aggression that is openly directed at its target. 304
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permissive parenting | In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation. 301
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power assertion | Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control. 299
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prosocial behavior | Any voluntary behavior intended to help others. 303
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psychological aggression | Verbal attack by a parent that may result in psychological harm to a child. 299
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real self | Self one actually is. 283
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relational (indirect or social) aggression | Aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person's relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being; can be overt or covert. 304
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representational mappings | In neo-Piagetian terminology, second stage in development of self-definition, in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms. 283
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self-concept | Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits. 220, 282
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self-definition | Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself. 282
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self-esteem | Judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth. 283
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single representations | In neo-Piagetian terminology, first stage in development of self-definition, in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms. 282
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social cognitive theory | Albert Bandura's expansion of social learning theory; holds that children learn gender roles through socialization. 291
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theory of sexual selection | Darwinian theory, which holds that selection of sexual partners is influenced by the differing reproductive pressures that early men and women confronted in the struggle for survival of the species. 288
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withdrawal of love | Disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child. 299
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