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| 1 | Define embryology. |
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| 2 | Define fertilization. |
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| 3 | ________ is the structural and functional specialization of groups of cells. |
| A) | Cleavage |
| B) | Growth |
| C) | Differentiation |
| D) | Diffusion |
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| 4 | ________ is the development of pattern, shape, and form. |
| A) | Differentiation |
| B) | Morphogenesis |
| C) | Gastrulation |
| D) | Growth |
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| 5 | The sequence of early development is fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 6 | Define cleavage. |
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| 7 | Define gastrulation. |
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| 8 | Sea star eggs are ________, meaning that the small amount of their yolk is distributed evenly. |
| A) | centrolecithal |
| B) | isolecithal |
| C) | telolecithal |
| D) | endolecithal |
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| 9 | Early embryos of birds undergo incomplete or ________ cleavage, where cleavage is confined to the germinal disc. |
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| 10 | During gastrulation, cells invaginate to form a cavity called an archenteron. What does the archenteron become? |
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| 11 | List the following structures in sequence of development: gastrula, morula, larva, juvenile, blastula |
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| 12 | The outer layer of gastrula cells is the ________, which will give rise to the skin and nervous system. |
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| 13 | The inner layer of gastrula cells is the ________, which will give rise to the digestive tract. |
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| 14 | The ________ is formed between the endoderm and the ectoderm and gives rise to muscular tissue and parts of the reproductive and circulatory systems. |
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| 15 | In frog eggs, the concentration of yolk is near the animal pole. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 16 | Describe involution in frog embryos. |
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| 17 | In bird eggs, the clear, watery ________ surrounds the egg cell and supplies the embryo with food and water. |
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| 18 | List the four membranes of an amniotic egg. |
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| 19 | For each of the following structures identify gastrulation or cleavage as the stage of development associated with that structure.
a. involution
b. archenteron
c. blastocoel
d. morula
e. primitive streak
f. blastula |
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| 20 | In frogs, the fate of the blastopore is to give rise to the mouth. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 21 | The development of the three germ layers is the same for frog and chick embryos. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |