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| 1 | |
Paul Lovejoy argues that the slave trade across the Atlantic marked a radical break in the history of Africa. This claim is supported by all of the following assertions except: |
| | A) | The scale of the trans-Atlantic trade was relatively large. |
| | B) | The demographic impact of the trade on Africa was significant. |
| | C) | The trans-Atlantic slave trade was spear-headed by local elites. |
| | D) | The slave population in Africa grew as the slave trade increased with the Americas. |
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| 2 | |
John Thornton argues against the ‘transformation thesis’ by making all of the following points except: |
| | A) | Africans were experienced traders who were not dominated by European merchants. |
| | B) | Slavery was a relatively new idea that was rarely practiced on the African continent in any form. |
| | C) | Slavery was widespread and indigenous in African society. |
| | D) | The negative demographic impact of the slave trade was local and difficult to disentangle from other factors. |
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| 3 | |
Carney employs all but which form of evidence below to support her argument that African-born slaves initiated rice planting in South Carolina by teaching white planters to grow the crop? |
| | A) | Archival materials that document a tutorial role for African slaves. |
| | B) | The environment and rice production system in South Carolina was remarkably similar to those in West Africa. |
| | C) | A similar approach (in West Africa and South Carolina) to processing rice grain for consumption. |
| | D) | Similarities between West Africa and South Carolina in irrigation approaches and irrigation technologies. |
| | E) | African rice routinely provisioned slave ships, providing the enslaved the opportunity to grow their food staple for subsistence. |
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| 4 | |
Heyaward argues that the methods used by early Carolina planters are most similar to those found in which country? |
| | A) | Madagascar |
| | B) | China |
| | C) | The Gambia |
| | D) | Brazil |
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| 5 | |
According to Diamond, who believes that Europeans became the dominant society because of their more favorable location, the: |
| | A) | Europeans were at a distinct advantage because they were able to grow more nutritious crops in their northern climate, giving them strength over Africans. |
| | B) | Africans could not travel across the diverse north-south continent, so they remained sedentary and isolated from other technologies and advances. |
| | C) | African continent did not have positive climate or geology that supported agriculture, and thus agriculture never succeeded in Africa. |
| | D) | Europeans had highly organized political structures, writing, and good military technology that ultimately stemmed from more favorable geographical circumstances, thus allowing them to conquer Africa. |
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| 6 | |
According to Jarosz, who argues that Diamond’s geographical approach to history is too narrow, a more appropriate geographical history should: |
| | A) | Ignore the geographical assets, such as wildlife, technology, and geographical orientation, because differences only arose from power dynamics and ideologies. |
| | B) | Consider human relationships, ideologies and politics and their effects on a colonized nation’s development and internal inequalities. |
| | C) | Study religion and technology, rather than agriculture and technology, because food systems are based more on choice and culture than geography. |
| | D) | Study inter-country relationships and political feuds that could inherently weaken a larger, regional civilization. |
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| 7 | |
Colchester states that after it granted its former African colonies independence, the French government intervened in African politics to |
| | A) | prevent human-rights abuses. |
| | B) | stop Communist revolutions. |
| | C) | ensure fair elections. |
| | D) | protect its economic interests in the resources of the former colonies. |
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| 8 | |
Grier states that her findings do not support “...a crude form of the exploitation theory...”, a theory that asserts that |
| | A) | higher levels of resource exploitation in a country lead to higher rates of economic growth. |
| | B) | greater exploitation of agricultural resources and more intensive farming practices lead to higher crop yields. |
| | C) | colonialism caused instability and dependence in colonial states through exploitation of the native population. |
| | D) | higher levels of resource exploitation lead to environmental degradation and slow economic growth. |
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| 9 | |
Scott believes that IMF programs in Africa |
| | A) | are not effective in promoting economic development. |
| | B) | cause more problems by cutting funding for critical social services. |
| | C) | are currently the most promising solutions to Africa’s economic problems. |
| | D) | are always successful in solving both economic and social problems. |
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| 10 | |
According to Mkandawire, the (structural adjustment) policies designed to integrate Africa into the global economy have failed because: |
| | A) | These policies have not been encouraged by the Bretton Woods institutions. |
| | B) | They have sidestepped the developmental needs of the continent and questions on the form of integration appropriate to addressing those needs. |
| | C) | They have not sufficiently emphasized the importance of trade. |
| | D) | They encourage overspending on social programs. |
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| 11 | |
Why do Maponga and Maxwell believe that development of Africa’s mineral industry will be important to the economic growth of many African nations? |
| | A) | The mineral industry can be a high contributor to GDP. |
| | B) | The mineral industry can greatly increase export income. |
| | C) | It creates linkages to and supports other parts of the national economy. |
| | D) | All of the above |
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| 12 | |
According to Dare, economic decline, political chaos, and the rise of repressive political leaders has been accelerated by |
| | A) | Africa’s failure to develop its own mineral extraction industries. |
| | B) | Africa’s failure to allow transnational corporations to invest in mineral extraction and economic development on the continent. |
| | C) | the expansion of transnational corporations within Africa, especially in natural resource industries. |
| | D) | declines in mineral extraction industries. |
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| 13 | |
According to Zafar, who believes there are both economic benefits and downsides to Chinese involvement in Africa, what is the biggest benefit for Africa? |
| | A) | An opportunity to buy cheap textiles from Chinese producers rather than African producers. |
| | B) | A displacement of more traditional French, British or American interests on the continent. |
| | C) | A chance to improve its standing in the global economy and move beyond its marginalized status. |
| | D) | Investment in infrastructure, improving economic standing. |
| | E) | c and d |
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| 14 | |
According to Carmody and Owusu, who believe that Chinese and American investment in China is problematic, what are the reasons these nations want influence in Africa? |
| | A) | To encourage internal development in African states, thus benefiting the local economy and infrastructure. |
| | B) | To gain control of resources for their own needs and have more of a presence in Africa’s developing economies. |
| | C) | To export their own manufactured goods and foreign cultural customs to African cities. |
| | D) | To help solve social problems, like HIV/AIDS and low education rates, while also investing in local economic development. |
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| 15 | |
According to Polgreen, who thinks that the discovery of a new underground aquifer cannot mitigate problems in Sudan: |
| | A) | international governing bodies should help distribute and manage the lake’s resources |
| | B) | the lake should be used by the entire eastern region of Africa, since neighboring countries experience drought-related problems as well |
| | C) | the history of class disparity and government abuse cannot be changed by the discovery of an underground lake |
| | D) | the Sudanese government ought to use the lake to improve the plight of its poorest citizens |
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| 16 | |
According to the UNEP report, which sees population growth and resource loss as a trigger for conflict: |
| | A) | conflicts have arisen out of tension over natural resources, but resources are also continually affected by conflicts |
| | B) | environmental tensions should be controlled by the state to lessen potential conflicts |
| | C) | as population continues to grow, resources will diminish so much that conflict will escalate continually |
| | D) | those parties involved in conflicts should reinvest in damaged areas to help the environment recover |
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| 17 | |
According to Mortimore and Tiffen, what happened to food crop production in Machakos from 1930-1987? |
| | A) | It was unable to keep up with population growth. |
| | B) | It remained stable throughout the entire period. |
| | C) | It kept up with population growth. |
| | D) | It exceeded the rate of population growth, making imported foods unnecessary. |
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| 18 | |
Murton questions the conclusions of Mortimore and Tiffen in Machakos by finding all of the following except: |
| | A) | Environmental conservation did not occur during periods of population growth. |
| | B) | A polarization of land holdings. |
| | C) | Differential trends in Agricultural productivity. |
| | D) | A decline in food self-sufficiency. |
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| 19 | |
According to Annan, who argues that a uniquely African green revolution is the only way to end poverty and hunger on the continent, the solution: |
| | A) | will utilize imported food while preserving small scale local agricultural methods |
| | B) | must be adapted by African scientists to suit individual regions’ needs and climates |
| | C) | ought to have a pan-African agenda, led by African leaders and scientists |
| | D) | should be coordinated by scientists and political leaders to help Africa’s economy |
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| 20 | |
According to Thompson, who finds Annan’s proposal similar to the green revolution of the 1960’s and 70’s: |
| | A) | the new green revolution should employ more African scientists in creating new technologies |
| | B) | improved fertilizers and hybrid plants will have lasting positive effects on African agriculture |
| | C) | the new green revolution in Africa will have benefited and learned from the mistakes of the first green revolution in Asia and Latin America in the 1960s and 1970s |
| | D) | a green revolution will cater to business and trade interests rather than ecological and cultural particularities |
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| 21 | |
According to Cleaver and Schreiber, the most effective way to stop the degradation of forests in sub-Saharan Africa is |
| | A) | reducing population growth. |
| | B) | intensifying agricultural production at a rate that exceeds the rate of population growth. |
| | C) | to set aside more land for forest preservation. |
| | D) | Both a and b |
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| 22 | |
According to Bassett and Zueli, what is one of the most difficult parts of environmental planning and policy-making? |
| | A) | Obtaining funding for environmental protection programs |
| | B) | Accommodating the needs of all the different groups that will be affected by policy measures |
| | C) | Identifying environmental problems and their causes |
| | D) | Obtaining data through field research |
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| 23 | |
Ahmadu’s main concern(s) with most studies of female initiation and the significance of FGC relates to: |
| | A) | The insistence that FGC be medicalized. |
| | B) | The insistence that FGC is necessarily harmful. |
| | C) | The insistence that there is an urgent needs stop FGC in the communities where it is practiced. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
| | E) | b and c only. |
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| 24 | |
According to the Population Reference Bureau, many international conventions |
| | A) | protect FGM as an important cultural practice in many places. |
| | B) | allow governments to intervene and stop the practice of FGM only in cases where it causes health problems. |
| | C) | allow each country to decide how they want to deal with cultural FGM practices. |
| | D) | recognize traditional practices such as FGM as violations of human rights. |
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| 25 | |
According to Schroeder, what did the women in Kerewan gain from the intra-household negotiations that took place as a result of the garden boom? |
| | A) | A new autonomy that brought increased social freedoms and obligations |
| | B) | Increased political power within the community |
| | C) | Privilege and prestige similar to that held by men under the traditional patriarchal system |
| | D) | Complete social and economic freedom from their husbands |
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| 26 | |
Human Rights Watch states that Kenya is violating its obligations under international law by |
| | A) | failing to modify social and cultural practices that are discriminatory towards women. |
| | B) | interfering with cultural customs. |
| | C) | refusing to address the connection between HIV/AIDS and a lack of property rights for women. |
| | D) | creating laws that take away women’s property rights. |
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| 27 | |
Hilts, who champions Botswana’s program as a beacon of hope for AIDS victims in Africa, claims that |
| | A) | without the help of Western doctors, little progress would have been made in Botswana. |
| | B) | the lessons learned in Botswana should be duplicated in all other countries in Africa, regardless of the severity of the AIDS epidemic. |
| | C) | Botswana needs to encourage more of its doctors to return after medical training abroad to manage their (new) substantial HIV/AIDS infrastructure. |
| | D) | patience, comprehensiveness, and generosity allowed for massive success in one of Africa’s most-HIV-affected nations. |
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| 28 | |
Creese et al., who see severe gaps in the literature on cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, argue that |
| | A) | more research about cost-effectiveness will allow for better choices about using limited financial resources to fight HIV/AIDS. |
| | B) | while it is useful to consider other factors when choosing HIV/AIDS interventions, cost-effectiveness remains the most important, thus deserving more attention. |
| | C) | prevention interventions are always the most cost-effective, but there is not enough data for each type of preventive measure. |
| | D) | treatments are always more cost-effective, but the range of physical effectiveness and specificity for patients discourages leaders from promoting this path. |
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| 29 | |
Logie and Rowson emphasize that debt relief should be particularly concerned with |
| | A) | improving human development issues, such as healthcare. |
| | B) | sustained economic growth that will ensure that countries in sub-Saharan Africa will not accumulate large foreign debts in the future. |
| | C) | rapid economic development that will allow countries to pay off their foreign debts as quickly as possible. |
| | D) | structural adjustment programs that will reduce poverty by creating more jobs. |
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| 30 | |
Why does Snyder believe that we should be cautious about debt relief in Africa? |
| | A) | Debt relief in Africa will only encourage countries in other parts of the world to increase their foreign debt in order to obtain debt relief. |
| | B) | Corrupt African leaders and elites will use the money from debt relief to increase their own wealth. |
| | C) | Structural adjustment programs that are a part of many debt relief agendas will only encourage short-term growth, rather than sustained economic development. |
| | D) | Structural adjustment programs often result in government budget cuts that threaten social welfare services. |
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| 31 | |
Bratton and Mattes found that satisfaction with democracy among African citizens in the countries studied depends on |
| | A) | the government’s performance in delivering political goods. |
| | B) | the government’s performance in delivering economic goods. |
| | C) | the government’s performance in delivering both political and economic goods, although the provision of political goods is a better predictor of satisfaction with democracy. |
| | D) | the government’s performance in delivering both political and economic goods, although the provision of economic goods is a better predictor of satisfaction with democracy. |
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| 32 | |
According to Barkan, why do “realists” believe that the increase in the number of multi-party elections that have taken place in Africa is not a good indication of democratic progress? |
| | A) | Many of these multi-party elections either did not result in a change of government or were not considered to be free and fair. |
| | B) | In many countries, the leaders that have been elected through multi-party elections have not advanced democracy within the country. |
| | C) | The protection of civil liberties is a better indicator of democratic progress than multi-party elections. |
| | D) | All of the above |
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| 33 | |
According to Goldsmith, all of the following are types of evidence that support the idea of a trend towards democracy in Africa except: |
| | A) | An increased number of elections and increasingly competitive elections |
| | B) | Greater income equality |
| | C) | A rise in the overall indexes of political freedom |
| | D) | The adoption of more liberal rules of political participation |
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| 34 | |
According to Hearn, what has been the result of aid programs in South Africa focusing on political stability? |
| | A) | The increased political stability in the country has led to socioeconomic improvements and a decrease in the level of inequality |
| | B) | Political stability has increased the amount of foreign investment and stimulated economic development |
| | C) | The focus on political stability rather than socioeconomic change has not helped to decrease inequality or poverty in South Africa |
| | D) | These programs have been ineffective in creating political stability |
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| 35 | |
Rotberg attributes Africa’s leadership deficit to several factors, including: |
| | A) | The tendency of the African electorate to acquiesce for long periods to the autocratic actions of their leaders. |
| | B) | The lack of a hegemonic bourgeoisie that is independent of government. |
| | C) | Presidents who believe they are the embodiment of the state. |
| | D) | All of the above |
| | E) | a and c only |
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| 36 | |
What is the main reason why Goldsmith believes increased democratization will encourage more responsible leadership in Africa? |
| | A) | It creates a less hazardous political environment, which decreases the incentives for leaders to use their power for their own purposes. |
| | B) | Leaders will be more responsive to the needs of the people so that they can get re-elected. |
| | C) | It will end the practice of using military coups to enact political change. |
| | D) | Leaders chosen through popular support are less likely to be corrupt. |
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| 37 | |
According to Gompert, who is wary of non-African peacekeepers to control genocide and violence in Sudan: |
| | A) | peacekeeping does not work no matter who is doing the job |
| | B) | international and national forces need be given the right and responsibility to end genocide when it becomes apparent that peace talks aren’t working. |
| | C) | the UN should train their peacekeepers more effectively to prevent violence. |
| | D) | the UN should replace the African Union as peacekeepers in Darfur |
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| 38 | |
Udombana argues that the Darfur conflict has been allowed to rage on under the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) because of: |
| | A) | historic flaws in the peacekeeping model set up by the United Nations |
| | B) | operational, logistical and funding problems |
| | C) | the United Nations’ overbearing intervention, which undermines the power of the AMIS |
| | D) | a lack of political will by AU countries to put pressure on Sudan |
| | E) | b and d |
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