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| 1 | |
Paul Ehrlich and Marcus Feldman, who argue that cultural environments are more influential than genes in shaping development, note which of the following problems with what they call "genetic determinism?" |
| | A) | Twin studies show no developmental differences between fraternal and identical twins. |
| | B) | The human genome project has shown that there are not enough individual genes to explain the complexity of human behavior. |
| | C) | Social institutions, such as schools, do not significantly change development. |
| | D) | Evolutionary psychology has explained how culture matters less than most people think. |
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| 2 | |
Gary Marcus, who asserts that the brain is largely guided by genetic predispositions, talks about the changes to the brain that occur through development as |
| | A) | plasticity. |
| | B) | a gene shortage. |
| | C) | a cascade. |
| | D) | if-then contingencies. |
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| 3 | |
Judith Rich Harris, who argues that parents matter less for development than most people think, contends that |
| | A) | children can largely raise themselves. |
| | B) | parents are too passive in raising children. |
| | C) | children learn to behave differently in and out of the home. |
| | D) | parents shape children to be individualists. |
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| 4 | |
Howard Gardner, who criticizes the suggestion that parents don't matter, claims that a major reason research evidence is not clear about how parents influence children is |
| | A) | the research does not account for biology. |
| | B) | the research uses crude survey categories. |
| | C) | the research goes into too much description. |
| | D) | modern research relies too heavily on Freudian theory. |
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| 5 | |
Amy Chua, who argues for the benefits of 'Chinese' parenting, identifies being _____________ as the key to raising successful children in modern society. |
| | A) | loving |
| | B) | strict |
| | C) | empathic |
| | D) | bilingual |
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| 6 | |
Markella B. Rutherford, who argues that the real differences in parenting do not differ much by nationality, contends that the more important variations in parenting are based on |
| | A) | socio-economic status. |
| | B) | gender. |
| | C) | race. |
| | D) | ethnicity. |
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| 7 | |
Phyllida Brown, who discusses ways that alcohol exposure can cause harm during pre-natal development, contends that |
| | A) | pre-natal alcohol exposure is associated with later life behavioral problems. |
| | B) | pre-natal alcohol exposure accelerates the nervous system. |
| | C) | pre-natal alcohol exposure is similar to malnutrition. |
| | D) | pre-natal alcohol exposure has little influence on physical health. |
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| 8 | |
Julia Moskin, who suggests that drinking during pregnancy can be reasonable and the decision should be left to the mother, notes that |
| | A) | doctors are unanimous against any drinking during pregnancy. |
| | B) | drinking during pregnancy has been a taboo for at least a century. |
| | C) | there is little evidence that moderate or occasional drinking is harmful during pregnancy. |
| | D) | the public seems to have much trust in pregnant women's decision making. |
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| 9 | |
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, as part of a public health campaign to promote breastfeeding, argues that the importance of breastfeeding is evidenced by positive |
| | A) | health effects. |
| | B) | psychosocial effects. |
| | C) | economic effects. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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| 10 | |
Julie E. Artis, who questions the whether breastfeeding is always best for infant development, considers the contemporary emphasis on breastfeeding to be part of a larger trend labeled |
| | A) | grassroots parenting. |
| | B) | intensive mothering. |
| | C) | cooperative child rearing. |
| | D) | baby-centered parenting. |
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| 11 | |
Victoria Rideout and colleagues, who suggest that parents find television and electronic media to be a help to family life, find that |
| | A) | very few families expose infants to television and electronic media. |
| | B) | the majority of infants and young children consume electronic media regularly. |
| | C) | parent media use has very little to do with the exposure of infants and young children. |
| | D) | most parents think television plays an important educational role for children. |
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| 12 | |
Wartella and Robb, who review research suggesting potential problems with exposing very young children to television, find that |
| | A) | television clearly retards infant development. |
| | B) | most children do not enjoy television. |
| | C) | learning from television is likely much harder than learning from live models. |
| | D) | television seems to shape infants towards materialistic values. |
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| 13 | |
According to Kelley King, Michael Gurian, and Kathy Stevens, who argue that gender based brain differences should be accommodated in schools, boys are more likely than girls to be |
| | A) | graphic thinkers and kinesthetic learners. |
| | B) | verbal processors. |
| | C) | reading and writing specialists. |
| | D) | active thinkers and sedentary learners. |
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| 14 | |
Lise Eliot asserts that gender based brain differences have been widely misinterpreted. In fact, she argues that |
| | A) | gender based brain differences are much larger than most people think. |
| | B) | gender based brain differences are more about neurochemistry than neural structures. |
| | C) | no mental ability is 'hardwired' into the brain. |
| | D) | only cultural differences are hardwired into the brain. |
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| 15 | |
The Child and Adolescent Bipolar Foundation, which sees the increase in diagnoses of pediatric bipolar disorder as an opportunity to help children and families, contends that |
| | A) | families often exaggerate the effects of bipolar disorder. |
| | B) | bipolar disorder spreads like germs. |
| | C) | bipolar disorder is hard to diagnose because of its different types. |
| | D) | bipolar disorder is unrelated to depression. |
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| 16 | |
Stuart L. Kaplan, who argues that too many children are diagnosed with pediatric bipolar disorder, argues that the diagnosis is problematic because |
| | A) | few children have serious enough problems. |
| | B) | adult bipolar looks very different from what happens to children. |
| | C) | medications don't seem to help. |
| | D) | pediatric bipolar does not show up on brain scans. |
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| 17 | |
Craig A. Anderson, who asserts that violent video games cause youth violence, considers controversy around this issue analogous to |
| | A) | the question of whether tobacco poses serious health risks. |
| | B) | the rumors about problems caused by childhood vaccinations. |
| | C) | debates about how to best teach mathematics. |
| | D) | questions about the root causes of teenage pregnancy. |
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| 18 | |
Cheryl K. Olsen, Lawrence Kutner, and Eugene Beresin, who think there are good reasons for children to play violent video games, find that aggressive children |
| | A) | do not usually play video games. |
| | B) | tend to find video games calming. |
| | C) | were not usually aggressive before starting to play video games. |
| | D) | were already aggressive before starting to play video games. |
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| 19 | |
Mahoney, Harris, and Eccles, who argue that the "over-scheduling hypothesis" is a myth, find that |
| | A) | most youth participate in very few structured activities. |
| | B) | most youth feel pressure from parents to participate in more activities. |
| | C) | most youth succeed in competitive activities. |
| | D) | certain types of activities do tend to reduce well-being. |
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| 20 | |
Rosenfeld, who contends that over-scheduling is a significant problem for families and youth, contends that |
| | A) | youth who participate in no activities are often more healthy than other youth. |
| | B) | the research by Mahoney, Harris, and Eccles is limited because it is the only available study on this issue. |
| | C) | offerings of structured activities should be cut for all groups of youth. |
| | D) | the stress of over-scheduling influences family life as much as it influences individual youths. |
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| 21 | |
Laurence Steinberg, who suggests that new brain science helps explain adolescent risk taking, contends that |
| | A) | risk taking seems to be housed in the amygdala. |
| | B) | risk taking seems to be housed in the corpus collosum. |
| | C) | risk taking seems to be a product of competition between socioemotional and cognitive-control networks. |
| | D) | risk taking seems to be a product of competition between the id and the superego. |
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| 22 | |
Michael Males, who argues that interpretations of brain science are too deterministic, finds that __________________ differences are more relevant to risk taking than brain differences. |
| | A) | socio-economic |
| | B) | ethnic |
| | C) | geographic |
| | D) | genetic |
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| 23 | |
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, who argues that "emerging adulthood" is a useful concept for understanding lifespan development, asserts that |
| | A) | adolescence now overlaps with full adulthood. |
| | B) | adolescence now gradually transitions to emerging adulthood. |
| | C) | adolescence is completely distinct from emerging adulthood. |
| | D) | adolescence no longer exists. |
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| 24 | |
Hendry and Kloep, who question the validity of "emerging adulthood" as a lifespan stage, suggest that the transition from adolescence to adulthood is |
| | A) | fixed and permanent. |
| | B) | age and gender specific. |
| | C) | challenging and traumatic. |
| | D) | variable and reversible. |
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| 25 | |
Jean M. Twenge and Joshua D. Foster, who believe there is a contemporary 'narcissism epidemic' among young adults, emphasize that |
| | A) | American college students' scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory have gone up dramatically over nearly 25 years. |
| | B) | all Americans' scores, regardless of age, on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory have gone up dramatically over nearly 25 years. |
| | C) | American college students' scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory have changed little over nearly 25 years. |
| | D) | all Americans' scores, regardless of age, on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory have changed little over nearly 25 years. |
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| 26 | |
M. Brent Donnellan, Kali H. Trzesniewski, and Richard W. Robins, who claim that fears of a 'narcissism epidemic' are exaggerated, note that |
| | A) | research finds narcissism is actually decreasing. |
| | B) | research finds that any increases in narcissism are quite small. |
| | C) | research finds narcissism is extremely dangerous. |
| | D) | research finds narcissism is far higher in countries other than the US. |
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| 27 | |
Diane Winston, who finds college students engaged in religion in innovative ways, states that |
| | A) | most students do 'cafeteria-style' religion. |
| | B) | most students only really care about their own religious faith. |
| | C) | most students are only moderately religious. |
| | D) | most college students are curious to learn more about other faiths. |
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| 28 | |
Tim Clydesdale, who suggests that college students usually have only a superficial connection with religion, claims that |
| | A) | students are more interested in credentials than in exploring ideas. |
| | B) | most students take more of an intellectual than a personal interest in religion. |
| | C) | most students do not identify as religious when asked. |
| | D) | religious identity is often quite fluid during college years. |
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| 29 | |
W. Bradford Wilcox and his colleagues affiliated with the Institute for American Values think social science makes a convincing case for valuing marriage, and cite findings that cohabitation without marriage |
| | A) | might be even better for development. |
| | B) | seems significantly worse for development. |
| | C) | does not have significantly different outcomes. |
| | D) | is likely to decline in coming years. |
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| 30 | |
Kathleen E. Hull, Ann Meier, and Timothy Ortyl, who are not convinced that changing norms around marriage are necessarily bad, suggests that |
| | A) | most young adults still see marriage as their primary goal. |
| | B) | many countries other than the US still focus on marriage as the ideal relationship type. |
| | C) | most young adults still say they value having one lifetime romantic relationship. |
| | D) | the major changes in marriage arise from the prevalence of same-sex unions. |
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| 31 | |
Robin W. Simon, who contends that parenthood tend to result in lower levels of adult well-being, suggests that |
| | A) | the benefits of parenthood only happen when children become adults. |
| | B) | cultural values increasingly endorse never having children. |
| | C) | a majority of contemporary adults are disinterested in becoming parents. |
| | D) | single parents tend to be less happy than married and cohabiting parents. |
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| 32 | |
Bryan Caplan, who suggests that parenthood is not necessarily bad for well-being, believes that |
| | A) | most research shows parents to be quite happy. |
| | B) | most parents tend to not pay enough attention to their children. |
| | C) | most parents would actually benefit from having more children. |
| | D) | most of the stresses in parenting are worth it in the long-term. |
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| 33 | |
Sheila R. Zedlewski and Barbara A. Butrica, who promote the benefits of civic engagement among older adults, maintain that |
| | A) | older people need a great deal of time to rest and relax. |
| | B) | non-profit organizations tend to take advantage of older adults as free labor. |
| | C) | older adults are often particular interested in making more money. |
| | D) | drawing on engagement by older adults offers economic benefits across society. |
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| 34 | |
Marty Martinson, who identifies as a "critical gerontologist," is concerned that promoting civic engagement among older adults |
| | A) | has no value. |
| | B) | has the potential to accentuate inequalities. |
| | C) | would be upsetting to most older adults. |
| | D) | would encourage the continued growth of government social programs for older adults. |
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| 35 | |
Janice E. Graham and Karen Ritchie, who challenge the relevance of 'Mild Cognitive Impairment' as a medical diagnosis, contend that |
| | A) | the symptoms are too variable to be considered one medical problem. |
| | B) | there is no difference between 'Mild Cognitive Impairment' and Alzheimer's Disease. |
| | C) | there is little evidence that older adults experience cognitive decline. |
| | D) | we should trust pharmaceutical companies to decide what qualifies as a medical problem. |
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| 36 | |
Ronald C. Petersen, who thinks Mild Cognitive Impairment' is a relevant medical diagnosis, has found that |
| | A) | 'Mild Cognitive Impairment' always leads to Alzheimer's Disease. |
| | B) | the abnormal functioning associated with 'Mild Cognitive Impairment' often leads to more serious problems. |
| | C) | 'Mild Cognitive Impairment' has a clear genetic origin. |
| | D) | 'Mild Cognitive Impairment' is often the result of traumatic brain injuries. |
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| 37 | |
Michael J. Rae and colleagues, who make a case for biomedical interventions to address normal aging, note that up to now much anti-aging research has been |
| | A) | unsuccessful but educational. |
| | B) | promising but underfunded. |
| | C) | rigorous but lacking applied value. |
| | D) | well-funded but too abstract. |
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| 38 | |
Robin Holliday, who argues against anti-aging medicine, thinks the endeavor is arrogant because |
| | A) | it does not use the scientific method. |
| | B) | it goes against the express wishes of most older adults. |
| | C) | it ignores other pressing human needs. |
| | D) | it goes against human evolution. |
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