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| 1 | |
Douglas Futuyma who discusses the idea of gradual evolution, suggests that: |
| | A) | the environment has no effect on the evolutionary process |
| | B) | adaptive traits arise when they are needed |
| | C) | reproductive success is a sign of adaptation |
| | D) | all species become more complex over time |
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| 2 | |
Stephen J. Gould, who believes in rapid evolution, asserts that: |
| | A) | evolution can be conceptualized as a "bush" |
| | B) | apes evolved from prehistoric humans |
| | C) | the term "species" can be used interchangeably with "race" |
| | D) | the current rate and number of species becoming extinct is nothing to worry about |
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| 3 | |
Kenneth Kosik, who believes that there are problems with genetic science, identified a faulty gene associated with ______ in a Columbian Indian community. |
| | A) | Alzheimer's disease |
| | B) | obesity |
| | C) | Parkinson's disease |
| | D) | Down's Syndrome |
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| 4 | |
Robert Sapolsky, who believes that human cloning poses no significant evolutionary dangers, believes that: |
| | A) | clones will all think, feel and behave the same because of their genes |
| | B) | identical twins always share the same physiological and psychological traits |
| | C) | genes are more important than environment in determining personality |
| | D) | environmental influences are equally as important as genese for determining behavior |
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| 5 | |
Josie Glausiusz, who believes that culture does not explain the high incidence of Tay Sachs among Eastern European Jews, suggests that: |
| | A) | French Canadians also have the gene due to overcrowding |
| | B) | the gene protects individuals against the effects of hypertension |
| | C) | the founder effect explains the gene's presence |
| | D) | gene flow never occurs in modern populations |
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| 6 | |
Jared Diamond, who believes that culture can effect ethnically related disease, argues that: |
| | A) | African Americans have less efficient kidneys than Africans |
| | B) | the Tay Sachs gene protects against tuberculosis |
| | C) | hypertension is linked to sickle cell anemia |
| | D) | Eastern European Jews do not process salt well |
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| 7 | |
William Dempski, who believes intelligent design should replace evolutionary theory, suggests: |
| | A) | life is too complex to have evolved randomly |
| | B) | evolution accepts some tenets of intelligent design |
| | C) | intelligent design is the same thing as creationism |
| | D) | both a and b |
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| 8 | |
John, Rennie, who believes in the validity of evolution, asserts: |
| | A) | intelligent design is another version of creationism |
| | B) | that most scientists feel that Darwin's view of evolution is outdated |
| | C) | "creation science" is a new and promising field |
| | D) | creationist claims cannot be refuted by modern science |
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| 9 | |
Carl Zimmer, who argues that male agression can enhance primate reproductive success, views infanticide: |
| | A) | as a strategy which improves male reproductive success |
| | B) | as an abnormal behavior |
| | C) | as being more common among humans than other primates |
| | D) | as a response to over population in primate troops |
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| 10 | |
Shannon Brownlee, who believes that reproductive success is not always linked to violence among male primates, suggests: |
| | A) | lemur males regularly share access to the same females |
| | B) | muriquis males increase their chances of reproducing by mating often and with as many females as possible |
| | C) | males with small testicles always win "sperm wars" |
| | D) | female choice has no effect on male reproductive strategies |
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| 11 | |
David Buss, who believes that females are selected to be monogamous, argues: |
| | A) | males benefit from having sex with multiple partners |
| | B) | the male's investment in his offspring is greater than the females |
| | C) | females benefit from being promiscuous |
| | D) | the reproductive strategies of males and females are the same |
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| 12 | |
Carol Tavris, who believes that females are not selected to be monogamous, suggests: |
| | A) | female monogamy is not common among other primates |
| | B) | females improve their chances of conception by mating with many males |
| | C) | females generally choose which males they have sex with |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 13 | |
Craig Standord, who believes that chimpanzees hunt competitively, suggests: |
| | A) | males never cooperate together during a hunt |
| | B) | females are the most avid hunters |
| | C) | a competitive approach is most successful in an open, woodland environment |
| | D) | multiple kills are uncommon at Gombe |
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| 14 | |
Christophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann, who believe that chimpanzees hunt cooperatively, argue: |
| | A) | it is the best strategy in a dense, tropical forest environment |
| | B) | any kill is usually confiscated by the alpha male and his allies |
| | C) | the hunters usually concentrate on killing gibbons |
| | D) | females are better hunters than males |
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| 15 | |
Meridith Small, who believes that homosexuality and bisexuality have an evolutionary advantage, suggests: |
| | A) | homosexual and bisexual behavior strengths group cohesion among bonobos |
| | B) | aggression is only associated with heterosexual societies |
| | C) | homosexual males guard the offspring of their sisters |
| | D) | lesbianism is a preferred lifestyle |
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| 16 | |
Melvin Konner, who believes that homosexuality and bisexuality do not have any evolutionary advantages, argues: |
| | A) | homosexuality is determined by genetic causes only |
| | B) | homosexuality and bisexuality are abnormal |
| | C) | cultural factors are just as important as biological ones in determining sexual orientation |
| | D) | discrimination against gays in human society improves reproductive fitness |
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| 17 | |
Owen Lovejoy, who believes males and females primarily associate together for reproductive sex, argues: |
| | A) | male provisioning supports increased female reproduction |
| | B) | pairbonding undermines reproductive success |
| | C) | walking upright makes a female more capable of bearing young |
| | D) | the nuclear family only occurred in the last 500 years of human history |
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| 18 | |
Barbara Smuts, who believes that males and females associate together for many reasons besides reproduction, suggests: |
| | A) | same sex friendships are useful for protection and defense |
| | B) | grooming is an important way to establish alliances |
| | C) | primate males never contribute to child rearing |
| | D) | both a and b |
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| 19 | |
Peter Wheeler, who believes that bipedalism developed as a response to heat stress, suggests: |
| | A) | upright walking exposes more surface are of the body to sun |
| | B) | bipedalism first developed in dense rainforests |
| | C) | bipedalism is a savanna adaptation |
| | D) | upright walking is better for carrying infants |
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| 20 | |
Pat Shipman, who believes that bipedalism did not develop as a response to heat stress, cites ______ as the main selective factor favoring upright walking. |
| | A) | tool use |
| | B) | scavenging |
| | C) | hunting |
| | D) | seed eating |
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| 21 | |
Mauve Leakey and Alan Walker, who believe Australopithicus is on the direct line to modern humans: |
| | A) | are "lumpers" |
| | B) | advocate a model which conflicts with Don Johansen's theories |
| | C) | believe that Australopithicus Afarensis is descended from Africanus |
| | D) | propose that apes and humans split only about a million years ago |
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| 22 | |
Benard Woods, who believes that Australopithicus is not on the direct line to modern humans, argues: |
| | A) | that the oldest living hominid is Robustus |
| | B) | argues that the human line evolves in a strict, linear fashion |
| | C) | provides evidence that the first hominid was found in North America |
| | D) | advocates that all the later Australopithicines are evolutionary dead ends |
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| 23 | |
Kenneth Oakley, who believes that tool making selects for larger brains, suggests: |
| | A) | humans are the only primates who use and make tools |
| | B) | tool use is only adaptive in the forest |
| | C) | tool use and brain size evolved together |
| | D) | women use tools more frequently than men |
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| 24 | |
Dean Falk, who believes that brain expansion is not linked to tool use, argues: |
| | A) | the brain did not expand until it could be sufficiently cooled |
| | B) | walking bipedally generates more heat in forest environments |
| | C) | the number of cranial foramena decreases as the brain expands |
| | D) | language development is responsible for the increase in human brain size |
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| 25 | |
Sherwood Washburn and C. Lancaster, who believe that hunting is more critical than gathering to cultural development, argue that hunting: |
| | A) | facilitates language development |
| | B) | selects for social cooperation |
| | C) | leads to technological innovation |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 26 | |
Sally Slocum, who does not believe that hunting is more critical than gathering to cultural development, suggests: |
| | A) | the first tools were probably developed by women |
| | B) | men are naturally aggressive and territorial |
| | C) | male bias in anthropology does not exist |
| | D) | the patriarchal family evolved first |
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| 27 | |
Ernestine Friedl, who believes that biology limits a woman's ability to hunt, suggests: |
| | A) | hunting can be effectively combined with child rearing |
| | B) | pregnant woman and nursing mothers are less mobile than men |
| | C) | women are naturally less bloodthirsty than men |
| | D) | women's genes make them freeze in physically dangerous situations |
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| 28 | |
Estikio-Griffin and P. Bion Griffin, who believe that biology does not limit womens ability to hunt, argue: |
| | A) | women are always better hunters than men |
| | B) | when women want to hunt they leave their children in the care of others |
| | C) | women hunt as well as men in every culture |
| | D) | some societies train women to hunt and restrict men to gathering activities |
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| 29 | |
Anne Gibbons, who believes that cannibalism was a prominent feature of prehistoric societies, argues that the behavior may be related to: |
| | A) | social control |
| | B) | a need for extra protein |
| | C) | savagery |
| | D) | both a and b |
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| 30 | |
Noel Boaz and Russel Ciochon, who do not believe that cannibalism was prominent in prehistoric societies, claim: |
| | A) | Peking Man was the prey of giant cave bears |
| | B) | many of the Homo Erectus remains from Zoukoudian show puncture and bite marks |
| | C) | Peking Man has been proved to be a hoax |
| | D) | cannibalism has no adaptive advantages |
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| 31 | |
Sharon Begley, who believes that cave art depicts shamanism, suggests: |
| | A) | paintings of predators may reflect a wish to capture the animal's power |
| | B) | the artist used natural features of the cave walls to enhance their paintings |
| | C) | the paintings depict evidence of shape shifting |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 32 | |
Pat Shipman, who doesn't believe that cave art depicts shamanism, argues: |
| | A) | the paintings were probably done for practical rather than spiritual purposes |
| | B) | cave art predates shamanism |
| | C) | shamanism is a new age cult |
| | D) | cave art is primarily done as a decoration and marks the beginning of a sedentary lifestyle |
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| 33 | |
C. Loring Brace, who does not believe in the concept of race, contends: |
| | A) | Kennewick Man was a Viking |
| | B) | racial traits signify separate species |
| | C) | there are no significant biological differences between human populations |
| | D) | biological variation does not exist |
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| 34 | |
George Gill, who believes in the concept of race, suggests: |
| | A) | definite racial traits do exist |
| | B) | Caucasians are superior to Asians |
| | C) | anthropologists should strive to be politically correct |
| | D) | race is linked with intelligence |
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