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| 1 | |
Alan C. Elms, who believes that deception of human participants is ethical, observes that the principal danger to the typical research subject in an academic research setting is |
| | A) | boredom. |
| | B) | physical strain. |
| | C) | psychological stress. |
| | D) | emotional stress. |
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| 2 | |
Diana Baumrind, who does not believe that deception of human participants is ethical, reports that in a follow-up interview exploring subjective reactions to a Milgram-type obedience experiment, many subjects stated that they were |
| | A) | suspicious of the deception all along. |
| | B) | happy to be deceived in order to contribute to science. |
| | C) | having trouble with maintaining interpersonal relationships. |
| | D) | experiencing difficulty in trusting adult authorities. |
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| 3 | |
Arthur Aron and Elaine N. Aron, who believe that social psychologists should try to solve social problems, explain social psychology's bold approach by saying that |
| | A) | the interaction between individuals and social forces is always conflicting. |
| | B) | eager young psychologists are drawn to the field and therefore bring their personal chutzpah to it. |
| | C) | other scientific fields are just not as relevant as social psychology. |
| | D) | chutzpah has been a social norm in social psychology from the beginning. |
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| 4 | |
According to David Kipnis, who does not believe that social psychologists should try to solve social problems, most technologies are developed to |
| | A) | maximize profits for the developer. |
| | B) | strengthen existing social institutions. |
| | C) | sustain and promote the interests of the dominant social groups. |
| | D) | increase the good life for all people. |
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| 5 | |
Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett, who believe that social perceptions are often inaccurate, conclude that a half century of research has taught us that in novel situations, knowing how particular people will respond |
| | A) | depends on how well you know them. |
| | B) | cannot be predicted with any accuracy. |
| | C) | depends on the individual's past behavior. |
| | D) | depends on individual differences in personality. |
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| 6 | |
David C. Funder, who does not believe that social perceptions are often inaccurate, maintains that an error is all of the following except |
| | A) | a judgment. |
| | B) | easy to detect. |
| | C) | technical. |
| | D) | at the opposite end of a conceptual continuum from a mistake. |
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| 7 | |
According to Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith, who believe that cognitive dissonance explains why behavior can change attitudes, if a person is induced to do or say something that is contrary to his or her private opinion, there will be a tendency for the person to |
| | A) | approach it half-heartedly. |
| | B) | impart his or her private opinion in subtle ways. |
| | C) | change his or her opinion. |
| | D) | demonstrate anxiety. |
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| 8 | |
Daryl J. Bem, who does not believe that cognitive dissonance explains why behavior can change attitudes, conducted an experiment that replicates the Festinger-Carlsmith experiment except that |
| | A) | the observer and the observed are no longer the same individual. |
| | B) | the Bem experiment utilized more participants. |
| | C) | the differential in the amount of money paid to participants was more pronounced in the Bem experiment. |
| | D) | the Bem experiment changed the way attitude was rated. |
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| 9 | |
Roy F. Baumeister and his colleagues who believe that self-esteem improvement programs are misguided, argue that it is difficult to measure self-esteem accurately because: |
| | A) | most people are modest about their abilities. |
| | B) | objective measures of self-esteem are costly to administer. |
| | C) | it is an outcome, not a predictor. |
| | D) | it is measured by self-ratings. |
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| 10 | |
David L. DuBois and Heather D. Tevendale, who do not believe that self-esteem improvement programs are misguided, state that self-esteem enhancement programs for youth have focused primarily on |
| | A) | coping strategies for youth to deal with problems of low self-esteem. |
| | B) | body image of youth. |
| | C) | increasing global feelings of self-worth in youth. |
| | D) | addressing specific domains of self-evaluation. |
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| 11 | |
Shelley E. Taylor and Jonathon D. Brown, who believe that positive illusions promote mental health, conclude that the individual more likely to process self-relevant information in an unbiased and balanced fashion is the |
| | A) | average person. |
| | B) | well-adjusted individual. |
| | C) | individual who sees himself as better than the average person. |
| | D) | individual who experiences subjective distress. |
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| 12 | |
C. Randall Colvin, Jack Block, and David C. Funder, who do not believe that positive illusions promote mental health, note that a group that believes its members to be relatively intelligent, and therefore whose members are more likely to rate themselves highly, is |
| | A) | health care workers. |
| | B) | adolescents. |
| | C) | college students. |
| | D) | adults. |
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| 13 | |
James Geary, who believes that people can accurately detect lies, maintains that one of the most difficult facial expressions to fake is |
| | A) | fear. |
| | B) | joy. |
| | C) | sadness. |
| | D) | anger. |
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| 14 | |
Bella M. DePaulo, who does not believe that people can accurately detect lies, when a speaker claims to like a painting, the judges are more inclined to believe that the speaker |
| | A) | does not like the painting. |
| | B) | is using kind words to cover a genuine loathing. |
| | C) | really does like the painting. |
| | D) | is trying to ascertain what the judges want to hear about the painting. |
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| 15 | |
Richard P. Kluft, who believes that repressed memories are real, cautions that material influenced by intrusive inquiry or iatrogenic dissociation may be subject to |
| | A) | willful misrepresentation. |
| | B) | distortion. |
| | C) | confusion. |
| | D) | disbelief. |
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| 16 | |
Elizabeth F. Loftus, who does not believe that repressed memories are real, notes that memories are easily modified when the |
| | A) | passage of time allows the original memory to fade. |
| | B) | subject is very young. |
| | C) | trauma is especially intense. |
| | D) | memory is of a sexual nature. |
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| 17 | |
According to Claudia Wallace, whose article describes how social psychology may help explain the Abu Ghraib Prison scandal, it is easy for people to lapse into sadistic behavior when |
| | A) | they receive excessive training in interrogation techniques. |
| | B) | they have complete power over other human beings. |
| | C) | they are not taught to value human life. |
| | D) | they do not receive cultural sensitivity training. |
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| 18 | |
William Saletan, who believes that "blaming the situation" for the scandal is not a valid excuse for the actions of the prison guards, says that Philip Zimbardo ignored which of the following factors in his analysis of Abu Ghraib? |
| | A) | Race |
| | B) | The traditions and customs of Iraqis |
| | C) | Gender |
| | D) | The manner in which Iraqi prisons were run under the Saddam Hussein regime |
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| 19 | |
John P. Sabini and Maury Silver, who believe that Milgram's obedience experiments help explain the nature of the Holocaust, contend that to understand the Holocaust, we must understand the |
| | A) | angry rioter. |
| | B) | repressed worker. |
| | C) | discontented citizen. |
| | D) | colorless bureaucrat. |
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| 20 | |
In Milgram's experiment, Florence R. Miale and Michael Selzer, who do not believe that Milgram's obedience experiments help explain the nature of the Holocaust, explain obedience and disobedience by saying that |
| | A) | the subjects were only obeying the authority of the experimenter. |
| | B) | external authority was the factor that led to subjects' delivery of extreme shocks. |
| | C) | the authoritative command of the experimenter released the aggressive drives of the obedient subjects. |
| | D) | external authority was irrelevant in the choice of the subjects' delivery of extreme shocks. |
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| 21 | |
Craig Haney and Philip Zimbardo, who believe that the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) helps explain the effects of imprisonment, describe the prison in which the SPE was conducted as |
| | A) | similar to a county jail. |
| | B) | a maximum security facility. |
| | C) | extraordinarily benign. |
| | D) | a juvenile-detention facility. |
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| 22 | |
David T. Lykken, who does not believe that the SPE helps explain the effects of imprisonment, would predict that the effect of positive or negative life experiences on an inmate would last |
| | A) | a week or two. |
| | B) | between six months and one year. |
| | C) | a substantial number of years. |
| | D) | a lifetime. |
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| 23 | |
Anthony R. Pratkanis, who believes that subliminal persuasion is a myth, performed with colleagues a test of the effectiveness of subliminal self-help tapes on self-esteem and memory, of which the results were |
| | A) | increases in self-esteem only. |
| | B) | inconclusive effects on self-esteem and memory. |
| | C) | slight increases in self-esteem and memory. |
| | D) | no effect on self-esteem or memory. |
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| 24 | |
According to Nicholas Epley, Kenneth Savitsky, and Robert A. Kachelski, who do not believe that subliminal persuasion is a myth, in an experiment where participants were given a sentence-completion task containing words related to the elderly, at the end of the experiment the participants |
| | A) | moved more slowly to the elevator than the control group. |
| | B) | showed no effect at all. |
| | C) | became inexplicably depressed. |
| | D) | manifested a slight prejudice against the elderly on exit questionnaires. |
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| 25 | |
According to Trudy Solomon, who believes that people can be brainwashed, one of the most effective methods used by Moonies to gain conformity and compliance in groups is |
| | A) | peer pressure. |
| | B) | sharing. |
| | C) | sex segregation. |
| | D) | food restriction. |
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| 26 | |
James T. Richardson, who does not believe that people can be brainwashed, concludes that a view that misleads is that |
| | A) | the majority dominates all the recruits. |
| | B) | recruits can and do seek participation. |
| | C) | recruits can conform without accepting the group's beliefs. |
| | D) | recruits can influence the groups they join. |
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| 27 | |
Patricia G. Devine, who believes that stereotyping is inevitable, contends that people who report being nonprejudiced are in reality |
| | A) | low in prejudice. |
| | B) | being dishonest. |
| | C) | relying on automatic information processing. |
| | D) | misinformed about the true meaning of prejudice. |
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| 28 | |
The parameters of the experiment by Lorella Lepore and Rupert Brown, who do not believe that stereotyping is inevitable, differ from Devine's experiment in that |
| | A) | the central dot on the screen appeared in different quadrants unpredictably. |
| | B) | the central dot on the screen was black in Lepore and Brown's experiment and white in Devine's experiment. |
| | C) | the central dot on the screen was not visible at all times. |
| | D) | Lepore and Brown did not employ a central dot on the screen. |
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| 29 | |
Mahzarin Banaji, one of the social psychologists who created the IAT, believes that racial prejudice is rooted in: |
| | A) | the normal human tendency to categorize. |
| | B) | the way people are raised as children. |
| | C) | an authoritarian personality. |
| | D) | social comparison. |
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| 30 | |
Amy Wax and Philip Tetlock, who argue that the IAT does not measure racial attitudes, say that social scientists have ignored which of the following trends? |
| | A) | The efforts of social psychologists to reduce prejudice. |
| | B) | Research that examines subtle forms of racism. |
| | C) | The resistance of Whites to change their own attitudes. |
| | D) | The decrease in overt racial prejudice |
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| 31 | |
Leo J. Jussim, Clark R. McCauley, and Yueh-Ting Lee, who believe that stereotypes can lead to accurate perceptions of others, object to the notion that stereotypes are based on illogical or irrational foundations because they |
| | A) | arise from personal experience. |
| | B) | do not arise from personal experience. |
| | C) | are derived from nontraditional learning methods. |
| | D) | can be scientifically proven to exist. |
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| 32 | |
According to Charles Stangor, who does not believe that stereotypes can lead to accurate perceptions of others, stronger stereotypes are developed by individuals who have |
| | A) | control issues. |
| | B) | low self-esteem. |
| | C) | a high need for structure. |
| | D) | a low socioeconomic background. |
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| 33 | |
C. Daniel Batson, Bruce D. Duncan, and Paula Ackerman, who believe that true altruism exists, found in their study that when escape was easy, |
| | A) | dissimilar victims were less likely to help Elaine. |
| | B) | nearly all of the subjects volunteered to help Elaine. |
| | C) | subjects were likely to help Elaine. |
| | D) | subjects were not likely to help Elaine. |
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| 34 | |
Robert B. Cialdini et al., who do not believe that true altruism exists, maintain that because empathetic concern, sadness, and distress all involve negative feelings, they would expect them to be |
| | A) | strong motivators. |
| | B) | strong demotivators. |
| | C) | strong stressors. |
| | D) | strongly intercorrelated. |
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| 35 | |
Brad J. Bushman and Craig A. Anderson, who believe that media violence causes aggression, contend that the simplest plausible explanation for an irresponsible reporting pattern of media violence is |
| | A) | a misapplied fairness doctrine. |
| | B) | failure of the research community to effectively argue its case. |
| | C) | the vested interest of print media in denying a strong link between aggression and exposure to media violence. |
| | D) | a disinterest on behalf of print media readership toward the issue of media violence. |
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| 36 | |
Jonathan L. Freedman, who does not believe that media violence causes aggression, concludes that the American Psychological Association (APA) |
| | A) | has been misled by various media accounts of the research. |
| | B) | made up the data. |
| | C) | does not know the research. |
| | D) | is politically biased. |
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