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| 1 | |
Alan C. Elms, who believes that deception of human participants is ethical, observes that the principal danger to the typical research subject in an academic research setting is |
| | A) | boredom. |
| | B) | physical strain. |
| | C) | psychological stress. |
| | D) | emotional stress. |
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| 2 | |
Diana Baumrind, who does not believe that deception of human participants is ethical, reports that in a follow-up interview exploring subjective reactions to a Milgram-type obedience experiment, many subjects stated that they were |
| | A) | suspicious of the deception all along. |
| | B) | happy to be deceived in order to contribute to science. |
| | C) | having trouble with maintaining interpersonal relationships. |
| | D) | experiencing difficulty in trusting adult authorities. |
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| 3 | |
Arthur Aron and Elaine N. Aron, who believe that social psychologists should try to solve social problems, explain social psychology's bold approach by saying that |
| | A) | the interaction between individuals and social forces is always conflicting. |
| | B) | eager young psychologists are drawn to the field and therefore bring their personal chutzpah to it. |
| | C) | other scientific fields are just not as relevant as social psychology. |
| | D) | chutzpah has been a social norm in social psychology from the beginning. |
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| 4 | |
According to David Kipnis, who does not believe that social psychologists should try to solve social problems, most technologies are developed to |
| | A) | maximize profits for the developer. |
| | B) | strengthen existing social institutions. |
| | C) | sustain and promote the interests of the dominant social groups. |
| | D) | increase the good life for all people. |
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| 5 | |
John Jost and Arie Kruglanski, who believe that the differences between Experimental Social Psychology and Social Constructions can be resolved, argue that |
| | A) | negotiation can be used to resolve the differences in the two approaches. |
| | B) | the two perspectives must adopt the similar methods. |
| | C) | the differences in the two approaches are not as large as many believe. |
| | D) | one side will eventually win the debate. |
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| 6 | |
Jonathan Potter, who argues that a reconciliation between the two perspectives is unlikely, believes |
| | A) | nonexperimental work is not likely to be published in mainstream social psychology journals, such as those published by the American Psychological Association (APA). |
| | B) | that the methods used in experimental social psychology are inferior to those favored by social constructionists. |
| | C) | experimental social psychology lacks the rigor of social constructionism. |
| | D) | social constructionists are unlikely to acknowledge the benefits of experimentation. |
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| 7 | |
Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett, who believe that social perceptions are often inaccurate, conclude that a half century of research has taught us that in novel situations, knowing how particular people will respond |
| | A) | depends on how well you know them. |
| | B) | cannot be predicted with any accuracy. |
| | C) | depends on the individual's past behavior. |
| | D) | depends on individual differences in personality. |
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| 8 | |
David C. Funder, who does not believe that social perceptions are often inaccurate, maintains that an error is all of the following except |
| | A) | a judgment. |
| | B) | easy to detect. |
| | C) | technical. |
| | D) | at the opposite end of a conceptual continuum from a mistake. |
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| 9 | |
According to Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith, who believe that cognitive dissonance explains why behavior can change attitudes, if a person is induced to do or say something that is contrary to his or her private opinion, there will be a tendency for the person to |
| | A) | approach it half-heartedly. |
| | B) | impart his or her private opinion in subtle ways. |
| | C) | change his or her opinion. |
| | D) | demonstrate anxiety. |
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| 10 | |
Daryl J. Bem, who does not believe that cognitive dissonance explains why behavior can change attitudes, conducted an experiment that replicates the Festinger-Carlsmith experiment except that |
| | A) | the observer and the observed are no longer the same individual. |
| | B) | the Bem experiment utilized more participants. |
| | C) | the differential in the amount of money paid to participants was more pronounced in the Bem experiment. |
| | D) | the Bem experiment changed the way attitude was rated. |
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| 11 | |
Roy F. Baumeister and his colleagues who believe that self-esteem improvement programs are misguided, argue that it is difficult to measure the true effectiveness of self-esteem programs because |
| | A) | most people are modest about their abilities. |
| | B) | objective measures of self-esteem are costly to administer. |
| | C) | self-esteem is an outcome, not a predictor. |
| | D) | self-esteem itself cannot be measured. |
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| 12 | |
William Swann and his colleagues, who do not believe that self-esteem improvement programs are misguided, state that effective self-esteem enhancement programs for youth have focused on |
| | A) | self affirmation strategies. |
| | B) | body image of youth. |
| | C) | only global feelings of self-worth. |
| | D) | other adaptive behavioral strategies, in addition to self-esteem. |
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| 13 | |
Jean M. Twenge and her colleagues, who believe that the Millennial Generation is more narcissistic than other generations, claim that, during the time period 1985–2004, demographic changes in college student samples have been |
| | A) | dramatic. |
| | B) | minimal. |
| | C) | largely ignored by social scientists. |
| | D) | gradual but measurable. |
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| 14 | |
Stephanie Rosenbloom, who does not believe that the Millennial Generation is more narcissistic than other generations, identifies the test commonly used by social scientists to measure narcissistic personality traits as the |
| | A) | Ego Introspection Scale. |
| | B) | Narcissus Questionnaire. |
| | C) | Narcissistic Personality Inventory. |
| | D) | Reflective Identity Test. |
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| 15 | |
Paul Ekman, Maureen O'Sullivan, and Mark Frank, who believe that some people can accurately detect lies, maintains that lies can be reliably detected by |
| | A) | most people. |
| | B) | those people who carefully analyze the gestures of those telling lies. |
| | C) | people who frequently tell lies. |
| | D) | people with occupational expertise in lie detection. |
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| 16 | |
Bella M. DePaulo believes that people cannot accurately detect lies, In her research, when a speaker claimed to like a painting, the judges were more inclined to believe that the speaker |
| | A) | did not like the painting. |
| | B) | was using kind words to cover a genuine loathing. |
| | C) | really did like the painting. |
| | D) | was trying to ascertain what the judges want to hear about the painting. |
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| 17 | |
Sonia K. Kang and her colleagues, who, in one respect, believe that research from social cognitive neuroscience should be used to inform public policy, explain that a fundamental goal of scientific inquiry is the unification of knowledge across multiple levels of analysis, or |
| | A) | implicit cognition. |
| | B) | empiricism. |
| | C) | consilience. |
| | D) | determinism. |
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| 18 | |
Sonia K. Kang and her colleagues, who, in another respect, do not believe that research from social cognitive neuroscience should be used to inform public policy, state that there can be no doubt that social neuroscience is at its core an exercise in |
| | A) | antithetical analyses. |
| | B) | mundane phenomena. |
| | C) | stigmatized identification. |
| | D) | reductionism. |
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| 19 | |
Shelley E. Taylor and Jonathon D. Brown, who believe that positive illusions promote mental health, conclude that the individual more likely to process self-relevant information in an unbiased and balanced fashion is the |
| | A) | average person. |
| | B) | well-adjusted individual. |
| | C) | individual who sees himself as better than the average person. |
| | D) | individual who experiences subjective distress. |
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| 20 | |
C. Randall Colvin, Jack Block, and David C. Funder, who do not believe that positive illusions promote mental health, note that a group that believes its members to be relatively intelligent, and therefore whose members are more likely to rate themselves highly, is |
| | A) | health care workers. |
| | B) | adolescents. |
| | C) | college students. |
| | D) | adults. |
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| 21 | |
John P. Sabini and Maury Silver, who believe that Milgram's obedience experiments help explain the nature of the Holocaust, contend that to understand the Holocaust, we must understand the |
| | A) | angry rioter. |
| | B) | repressed worker. |
| | C) | discontented citizen. |
| | D) | colorless bureaucrat. |
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| 22 | |
In Milgram's experiment, Florence R. Miale and Michael Selzer, who do not believe that Milgram's obedience experiments help explain the nature of the Holocaust, explain obedience and disobedience by saying that |
| | A) | the subjects were only obeying the authority of the experimenter. |
| | B) | external authority was the factor that led to subjects' delivery of extreme shocks. |
| | C) | the authoritative command of the experimenter released the aggressive drives of the obedient subjects. |
| | D) | external authority was irrelevant in the choice of the subjects' delivery of extreme shocks. |
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| 23 | |
Jerry M. Burger, who believes that it was possible to replicate Milgram's obedience experiments, conducted a similar experiment, with the major difference being that Burger's experiment |
| | A) | did not provide the verbal prompts for participants who expressed hesitation. |
| | B) | stopped all participants when they reached 150 volts on the shock generator. |
| | C) | was restricted to college students as participants, not people of all ages. |
| | D) | actually administered mild shocks to the learners, whereas Milgram did not. |
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| 24 | |
Arthur G. Miller, who does not believe it was possible to replicate Milgram's obedience experiments, identifies two major changes made by Burger for his study—reducing the maximum allowable shock level and |
| | A) | allowing the participants to see the learners as well as hear them. |
| | B) | waiting until later in the process to introduce prompts to reluctant participants. |
| | C) | implementing a multifaceted screening of participants. |
| | D) | having two teacher-observers instead of one. |
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| 25 | |
Craig Haney and Philip Zimbardo, who believe that the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) helps explain the effects of imprisonment, describe the prison in which the SPE was conducted as |
| | A) | similar to a county jail. |
| | B) | a maximum security facility. |
| | C) | extraordinarily benign. |
| | D) | a juvenile-detention facility. |
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| 26 | |
David T. Lykken, who does not believe that the SPE helps explain the effects of imprisonment, would predict that the effect of positive or negative life experiences on an inmate would last |
| | A) | a week or two. |
| | B) | between six months and one year. |
| | C) | a substantial number of years. |
| | D) | a lifetime. |
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| 27 | |
Anthony R. Pratkanis, who believes that subliminal persuasion is a myth, performed with colleagues a test of the effectiveness of subliminal self-help tapes on self-esteem and memory, of which the results were |
| | A) | increases in self-esteem only. |
| | B) | inconclusive effects on self-esteem and memory. |
| | C) | slight increases in self-esteem and memory. |
| | D) | no effect on self-esteem or memory. |
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| 28 | |
According to Nicholas Epley, Kenneth Savitsky, and Robert A. Kachelski, who do not believe that subliminal persuasion is a myth, in an experiment where participants were given a sentence-completion task containing words related to the elderly, at the end of the experiment the participants |
| | A) | moved more slowly to the elevator than the control group. |
| | B) | showed no effect at all. |
| | C) | became inexplicably depressed. |
| | D) | manifested a slight prejudice against the elderly on exit questionnaires. |
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| 29 | |
According to Trudy Solomon, who believes that people can be brainwashed, one of the most effective methods used by Moonies to gain conformity and compliance in groups is |
| | A) | peer pressure. |
| | B) | sharing. |
| | C) | sex segregation. |
| | D) | food restriction. |
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| 30 | |
James T. Richardson, who does not believe that people can be brainwashed, concludes that a view that misleads is that |
| | A) | the majority dominates all the recruits. |
| | B) | recruits can and do seek participation. |
| | C) | recruits can conform without accepting the group's beliefs. |
| | D) | recruits can influence the groups they join. |
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| 31 | |
Patricia G. Devine, who believes that stereotyping is inevitable, contends that people who report being nonprejudiced are in reality |
| | A) | low in prejudice. |
| | B) | being dishonest. |
| | C) | relying on automatic information processing. |
| | D) | misinformed about the true meaning of prejudice. |
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| 32 | |
The parameters of the experiment by Lorella Lepore and Rupert Brown, who do not believe that stereotyping is inevitable, differ from Devine's experiment in that |
| | A) | the central dot on the screen appeared in different quadrants unpredictably. |
| | B) | the central dot on the screen was black in Lepore and Brown's experiment and white in Devine's experiment. |
| | C) | the central dot on the screen was not visible at all times. |
| | D) | Lepore and Brown did not employ a central dot on the screen. |
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| 33 | |
Mahzarin Banaji, one of the social psychologists who created the IAT, believes that implicit racial prejudice is rooted in |
| | A) | mental shortcuts that allow people to make quick generalizations. |
| | B) | the way people are raised as children. |
| | C) | an authoritarian personality. |
| | D) | social comparison. |
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| 34 | |
Amy Wax and Philip Tetlock, who argue that the IAT does not measure racial attitudes, say that social scientists have ignored which of the following trends? |
| | A) | The efforts of social psychologists to reduce prejudice. |
| | B) | Research that examines subtle forms of racism. |
| | C) | The resistance of Whites to change their own attitudes. |
| | D) | The decrease in overt racial prejudice over the past several decades. |
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| 35 | |
Leo J. Jussim, Clark R. McCauley, and Yueh-Ting Lee, who believe that stereotypes can lead to accurate perceptions of others, object to the notion that stereotypes are based on illogical or irrational foundations because they |
| | A) | arise from personal experience. |
| | B) | do not arise from personal experience. |
| | C) | are derived from nontraditional learning methods. |
| | D) | can be scientifically proven to exist. |
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| 36 | |
According to Charles Stangor, who does not believe that stereotypes can lead to accurate perceptions of others, stronger stereotypes are developed by individuals who have |
| | A) | control issues. |
| | B) | low self-esteem. |
| | C) | a high need for structure. |
| | D) | a low socioeconomic background. |
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| 37 | |
C. Daniel Batson, Bruce D. Duncan, and Paula Ackerman, who believe that true altruism exists, found in their study that when escape was easy, |
| | A) | dissimilar victims were less likely to help Elaine. |
| | B) | nearly all of the subjects volunteered to help Elaine. |
| | C) | subjects were likely to help Elaine. |
| | D) | subjects were not likely to help Elaine. |
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| 38 | |
Robert B. Cialdini et al., who do not believe that true altruism exists, maintain that because empathetic concern, sadness, and distress all involve negative feelings, they would expect them to be |
| | A) | strong motivators. |
| | B) | strong demotivators. |
| | C) | strong stressors. |
| | D) | strongly intercorrelated. |
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| 39 | |
Huesmann and Taylor, who do believe that media violence causes aggression, state that the average obtained correlation between exposure to media violence and aggression is greater than all other recognized threats to public health except |
| | A) | smoking and lung cancer. |
| | B) | condom use and sexually transmitted HIV. |
| | C) | exposure to lead and IQ scores. |
| | D) | exposure to asbestos and certain cancers. |
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| 40 | |
Jonathan L. Freedman, who does not believe that media violence causes aggression, concludes that the American Psychological Association (APA) |
| | A) | has been misled by various media accounts of the research. |
| | B) | made up the data. |
| | C) | does not know the research. |
| | D) | is politically biased. |
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