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| 1 | |
According to Christopher Stringer and Robin McKie, who believe that Homo sapiens originated in Africa, all humans today can be traced back to a woman who lived approximately |
| | A) | 25 million years ago. |
| | B) | 5 million years ago. |
| | C) | 1 million years ago. |
| | D) | 200,000 years ago. |
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| 2 | |
Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari, who do not believe that Homo sapiens originated in Africa, use as their primary tools in the human evolution debate |
| | A) | fossilized remains and artifacts. |
| | B) | mitochondrial DNA. |
| | C) | a molecular clock model. |
| | D) | theories established by Darwin more than 100 years ago. |
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| 3 | |
According to Clinton Crawford, who believes that Egyptian civilization originated in Africa, which one of the following African monuments was said to have had "Negroid" characteristics? |
| | A) | the Colossus of Rhodes |
| | B) | Ramses II's sarcophagus |
| | C) | the Sphinx |
| | D) | Hatshepsut's monument at Karnak |
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| 4 | |
Kathryn A. Bard, who does not believe that Egyptian civilization originated in Africa, sees Egypt as being |
| | A) | isolated from its neighbors. |
| | B) | too large in size to be governed effectively by one person. |
| | C) | too far from Greece to have any contact with that civilization. |
| | D) | the land bridge between Asia and Africa. |
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| 5 | |
According to N. G. L. Hammond, who believes that Alexander's reputation is merited, Alexander's treatment of "exiles" who had deserted his army was |
| | A) | cruel and vindictive. |
| | B) | an act of statesmanship. |
| | C) | befitting of the crime they committed. |
| | D) | too lenient. |
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| 6 | |
According to E. E. Rice, who does not believe that Alexander's exalted reputation is merited, Alexander's campaign into India ended when |
| | A) | monsoons made travel by a large army impossible. |
| | B) | his army refused to go any further. |
| | C) | the enemy's army proved to be formidable. |
| | D) | he had to return to put down a rebellion in Egypt. |
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| 7 | |
Karen Jo Torjesen, who believes that Christianity liberated women, finds women to be more liberated during the early years of Christianity within |
| | A) | public spaces. |
| | B) | private spaces. |
| | C) | both public and private spaces. |
| | D) | in neither public nor private spaces. |
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| 8 | |
Karen Armstrong, who does not believe that Christianity liberated women, finds the early Christian Church filled with hatred of |
| | A) | pagans. |
| | B) | slaves. |
| | C) | clergy. |
| | D) | women. |
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| 9 | |
According to the evidence of John Boswell, who believes that same-sex unions existed in medieval Europe, most of these unions occurred in the |
| | A) | western Roman Empire. |
| | B) | Byzantine Empire. |
| | C) | British Isles. |
| | D) | German states. |
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| 10 | |
According to Philip Lyndon Reynolds, who does not believe that same-sex unions existed in medieval Europe, Christians today generally view homosexual unions as |
| | A) | natural and authentic. |
| | B) | totally outside the boundaries of church law. |
| | C) | novel and experimental. |
| | D) | the wave of the future. |
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| 11 | |
Mehdi Nakosteen, who believes that the modern university has its roots in the Islamic world, argues that Greek and Persian learning was maintained during the Middle Ages in |
| | A) | Africa. |
| | B) | Asia. |
| | C) | the Islamic world. |
| | D) | Europe. |
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| 12 | |
Charles Homer Haskins, who does not believe that the modern university has its roots in the Islamic world, describes the power of European university students in |
| | A) | determining the curriculum. |
| | B) | establishing holidays. |
| | C) | fixing the prices of lodgings and books. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 13 | |
According to Richard E. W. Adams, who believes that environmental factors were responsible for the collapse of the Mayan civilization, all of the southern lowland Mayan centers had collapsed by |
| | A) | a.d. 600. |
| | B) | a.d. 900. |
| | C) | a.d. 1200. |
| | D) | a.d. 1500. |
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| 14 | |
George L. Cowgill, who does not believe that environmental factors were responsible for the collapse of the Mayan civilization, sees parallels between the Mayan collapse and serious military competition in the histories of |
| | A) | India and Rome. |
| | B) | the Ottoman and Persian Empires. |
| | C) | ancient Egypt and Assyria. |
| | D) | China and Greece. |
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| 15 | |
According to Hans Eberhard Mayer, who believes that the Crusades were motivated primarily by religious factors, the Crusades took place in order to guarantee |
| | A) | Christian pilgrims' access to the Holy Land. |
| | B) | equal trade rights for Christians in the East. |
| | C) | the safety of the city of Constantinople from Muslim forces. |
| | D) | the political integrity of eastern Christian kingdoms |
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| 16 | |
According to Ronald Finucane, who does not believe that the Crusades were motivated primarily by religious factors, when they began in the late eleventh century, the Muslim world was |
| | A) | poised and ready to defend itself. |
| | B) | preparing to siege Constantinople. |
| | C) | the scene of internal conflict and rivalry. |
| | D) | prepared to negotiate with the Christian world. |
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| 17 | |
Mary R. Beard, who believes that women and men benefited equally from the Renaissance, focuses her research on women's |
| | A) | sex roles. |
| | B) | educational opportunities. |
| | C) | legal progress. |
| | D) | religious experiences. |
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| 18 | |
Joan Kelly-Gadol, who does not believe that women and men benefited equally from the Renaissance, focuses her research on women's |
| | A) | sex roles. |
| | B) | educational opportunities. |
| | C) | legal progress. |
| | D) | religious experiences. |
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| 19 | |
According to Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, who believes that Columbus's New World discoveries were a positive force in the development of world history, Columbus the Navigator should be given credit for |
| | A) | decoding the Atlantic wind system. |
| | B) | the discovery of magnetic variations in the Western Hemisphere. |
| | C) | his contributions to the mapping of the Atlantic and the New World. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 20 | |
According to Kirkpatrick Sale, who does not believe that Columbus's New World discoveries were a positive force in the development of world history, Columbus can be held responsible for the |
| | A) | transatlantic slave trade. |
| | B) | death of most of the Western Hemisphere's native
populations. |
| | C) | ecological destruction of the Western Hemisphere. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 21 | |
According to Anne Llewellyn Barstow, who believes that the witch-hunts were misogynistic, a typical witch in the era covered was |
| | A) | female. |
| | B) | old. |
| | C) | unattractive. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 22 | |
According to Robin Briggs, who does not believe that the witch-hunts were misogynistic, approximately of the women accused of witchcraft were widows. |
| | A) | half |
| | B) | one-quarter |
| | C) | three-quarters |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 23 | |
According to William H. McNeill, who believes that the rise of the West defined the modern world, which one of the following dates marks the advent of the modern era? |
| | A) | 1400 |
| | B) | 1500 |
| | C) | 1600 |
| | D) | 1700 |
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| 24 | |
According to Steven Feierman, who does not believe that the rise of the West defined the modern world, the main contribution of the Annales school of history writing was its emphasis on |
| | A) | religious factors as motivating forces in history. |
| | B) | the role of the ruling class in history. |
| | C) | the West as a force in the world's history. |
| | D) | broadening the definition of historical sources and methodology. |
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| 25 | |
Edward Shorter, who believes that the Industrial Revolution, led to a sexual revolution argues that |
| | A) | neither context nor values changed. |
| | B) | both context and values changed. |
| | C) | values changed, but context remained the same. |
| | D) | context changed, but values remained the same. |
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| 26 | |
Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, who do not believe that the Industrial Revolution led to a sexual revolution, argue that |
| | A) | neither context nor values changed. |
| | B) | both context and values changed. |
| | C) | values changed, but context remained the same. |
| | D) | context changed, but values remained the same. |
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| 27 | |
Which one of the following phrases best describes the career of Peter Kropotkin, who believes that the French Revolution was worth its human costs? |
| | A) | a French revolutionary pamphleteer |
| | B) | a German middle-class reactionary |
| | C) | a Hungarian religious zealot |
| | D) | a Russian aristocratic anarchist |
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| 28 | |
According to Simon Schama, who does not believe that the French Revolution was worth its human costs, an objective history of the event was written by |
| | A) | Zhou En-lai. |
| | B) | Alexis de Tocqueville. |
| | C) | Lord Acton. |
| | D) | Karl Marx. |
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| 29 | |
According to Thomas M. Huber, who believes that the Meiji Restoration constituted a revolution, it brought about all of the following changes in nineteenth-century Japan except |
| | A) | a central administrative bureaucracy based on merit. |
| | B) | an ambitious public education system. |
| | C) | the creation of a national university. |
| | D) | increased privileges for the samurai class. |
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| 30 | |
According to Ruth Benedict, who does not believe that the Meiji Restoration constituted a revolution, what was the sentiment of the Meiji reformers regarding the influence of foreigners? |
| | A) | Their military expertise would prove useful to Japan. |
| | B) | They should be expelled from Japan. |
| | C) | Their trade potential was important to Japanese prosperity. |
| | D) | They should be welcomed with open arms. |
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| 31 | |
John King Fairbank, who believes that Confucian values were responsible for China's failure to modernize, claims that Japan's history during the period in question was |
| | A) | similar to China's. |
| | B) | very different from China's. |
| | C) | identical, since they were both Asian nations with a shared past. |
| | D) | irrelevant; he does not speak about Japan's history at all. |
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| 32 | |
Jonathan D. Spence, who does not believe that Confucian values kept China from modernizing, argues that until the middle of the eighteenth century, the West regarded China |
| | A) | favorably. |
| | B) | unfavorably. |
| | C) | as a threat to world stability. |
| | D) | as a candidate for membership in the United Nations. |
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| 33 | |
According to Denis Judd, who believes that indigenous sex workers are always powerless, which one of the following was not a reason why the "Empire experience" offered opportunities for sexual indulgence? |
| | A) | British men came to the colonies, at least initially, without British women. |
| | B) | Sexual mores in the colonies were more relaxed than they were at home. |
| | C) | There was much less fear of contracting venereal disease in the colonies. |
| | D) | Powerful men are sexually attractive and can get want they need sexually. |
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| 34 | |
According to Luise White, who does not believe indigenous sex workers were always powerless, Kenyan women who turned to prostitution in Nairobi did so primarily to |
| | A) | experience the freedom of living independently in the city. |
| | B) | help their suddenly impoverished rural families. |
| | C) | protest the marriage customs in the countryside. |
| | D) | escape from their domineering families. |
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| 35 | |
According to Richard Stites, who believes that the Bolshevik Revolution improved the lives of Soviet women, the women most in need of liberation were: |
| | A) | eastern. |
| | B) | western. |
| | C) | northern. |
| | D) | southern. |
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| 36 | |
Fran‡oise Navailh, who does not believe that the Bolshevik Revolution improved the lives of Soviet women, reports that on March 8, 1917, women took to the streets of Petrograd, demanding |
| | A) | the right to vote. |
| | B) | peace and bread. |
| | C) | equal pay for equal work. |
| | D) | an end to sexual harassment. |
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| 37 | |
Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, who believes that German "eliminationist anti-Semitism" was responsible for the Holocaust, states that the people who carried out Holocaust policies were overwhelmingly |
| | A) | Austrians. |
| | B) | Germans. |
| | C) | Russians. |
| | D) | Latvians. |
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| 38 | |
According to Christopher Browning, who does not believe that German "eliminationist anti-Semitism" was responsible for the Holocaust, one of Goldhagen's major errors is that he |
| | A) | does not believe that the Nazi regime vastly increased anti-Semitism. |
| | B) | wants to blame the German population for the Holocaust. |
| | C) | limits the German bureaucracy's responsibility for the Holocaust. |
| | D) | overestimates the role of imperial aspirations and anticommunism. |
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| 39 | |
According to John Lewis Gaddis, who believes that Stalin was responsible for the cold war, during World War II Stalin had already developed a postwar plan that equated Soviet security with |
| | A) | Germany's defeat. |
| | B) | postwar economic recovery. |
| | C) | territorial gains. |
| | D) | close cooperation between the Soviet Union and the West. |
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| 40 | |
According to Martin J. Sherwin, who does not believe that Stalin was responsible for the cold war, the defining event in the onset of the cold war was |
| | A) | Stalin's refusal to allow free elections in Poland after the war. |
| | B) | Mao Zedong's communist takeover in China. |
| | C) | the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. |
| | D) | the United States' use of the atomic bomb against Japan. |
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| 41 | |
According to John L. Esposito, who believes that Islamic revivalism challenges a secular world order, which one of the following is used to describe the threat posed by Islam? |
| | A) | the Red Menace |
| | B) | the Green Menace |
| | C) | the Eastern Menace |
| | D) | the Infidels |
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| 42 | |
According to Albert Hourani, who does not believe that Islamic revivalism challenges a secular world order, which of the following is not a pattern of thought in the Muslim world of today? |
| | A) | Islam is incompatible with science and prevents movements of social and political liberation. |
| | B) | Islam is the work of the devil and must be uprooted. |
| | C) | Islam and only Islam can provide the foundation for life in the present. |
| | D) | Islam can be adapted to form the moral basis of a modern society. |
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| 43 | |
According to George B. N. Ayittey, who believes that Africa's leaders should be blamed for the continent's current problems, the leading political group that could be useful in the area of African reform is the |
| | A) | Pan African Union. |
| | B) | Organization of African Unity. |
| | C) | African voting bloc in the United Nations. |
| | D) | African Islamic League. |
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| 44 | |
According to Ali A. Mazrui, who does not believe that Africa's leaders should be blamed for the continent's current problems, the origin of one of the major moral dilemmas in contemporary Africa is the |
| | A) | adoption of socialist economic practices. |
| | B) | rise of militant communism. |
| | C) | rapid rise of Christianity. |
| | D) | dis-Africanization of the continent and its people. |
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| 45 | |
According to Warren Zimmermann, who believes that ethnic leaders were responsible for the death of Yugoslavia, the most culpable individual was |
| | A) | Franjo Tudjman. |
| | B) | Milan Kucan. |
| | C) | Slobodan Milosevic. |
| | D) | Alija Izerbegovic. |
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| 46 | |
According to Steven Majstorovic, who does not believe that ethnic leaders were responsible for the death of Yugoslavia, the problems that befell Yugoslavia began when |
| | A) | the United States refused to help keep the republic together. |
| | B) | Tito died and the centralized communist system began to disintegrate. |
| | C) | Croatia and Slovenia seceded from the Yugoslav union. |
| | D) | war broke out in the independent province of Kosovo. |
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| 47 | |
According to Mark Perry, who believes that the Oslo Peace Accords will benefit both sides, the agreement to end Palestinian/Israeli conflict was negotiated |
| | A) | during 10 rounds of formal talks between official negotiators. |
| | B) | by a small number of Palestinian and Israeli diplomats in Oslo, Norway. |
| | C) | by Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat. |
| | D) | by Bill Clinton and Benjamin Netanyahu. |
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| 48 | |
Edward D. Said, who does not believe that the Oslo accord will benefit both sides, argues that Israel secured all of the following in the peace process except |
| | A) | economic sovereignty in the region. |
| | B) | recognition as a state. |
| | C) | legitimacy as a political entity. |
| | D) | acceptance from Arabs. |
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