A piece of tubing of a precisely calculated length used with the originally valveless French Horn that, when inserted, would alter the instrument's fundamental and, correspondingly, its harmonic series (longer crooks would lower the fundamental, while shorter crooks would raise it).
Deceptive Progression
The harmonic progression V-vi (or V-VI).
Fundamental
The lowest tone in a harmonic series.
Harmonic Series
The natural frequencies that sound above a given fundamental and are part of any musical tone. The fundamental is the loudest component of a musical tone, but above it, in multiples of the frequency of the fundamental, is a series of other tones, called harmonics, partials, or overtones.
Score Order
The typical order in which instruments are listed in a full score; this order is not always the same as order by pitch.
