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| 1 | |
Which of the following designs use a reversal of a manipulation? |
| | A) | withdrawal |
| | B) | ABA |
| | C) | ABAB |
| | D) | all of these |
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| 2 | |
In which type of multiple-baseline design are several different behaviors of a single subject measured over time? |
| | A) | across situations |
| | B) | across subjects |
| | C) | across behaviors |
| | D) | across variables |
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| 3 | |
Which type of program-evaluation study examines whether there are problems that need to be addressed in the target population? |
| | A) | needs assessment |
| | B) | program-theory assessment |
| | C) | process-evaluation assessment |
| | D) | efficiency assessment |
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| 4 | |
Determining that the program design is based on a model that addresses the needs of the target population is called a (an) __________ assessment. |
| | A) | needs |
| | B) | program theory |
| | C) | process evaluation |
| | D) | efficiency |
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| 5 | |
Once it is shown that a program does have its intended effect, researchers conduct a program evaluation called a(an) __________ assessment to determine if the program is "worth it." |
| | A) | process-evaluation |
| | B) | efficiency |
| | C) | impact |
| | D) | program-monitoring |
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| 6 | |
One internal validity problem with a __________ design is that it lacks a control or comparison method. |
| | A) | one-group pretest-posttest |
| | B) | non-equivalent |
| | C) | one-group, posttest-only |
| | D) | independent-groups |
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| 7 | |
Which of the following is a potential alternative explanation for the findings of a one-group, pretest-posttest design study? |
| | A) | maturation and history |
| | B) | testing and instrument decay |
| | C) | statistical regression |
| | D) | all of these |
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| 8 | |
To test the effectiveness of a new diet program, a healthcare worker recruited 10 participants into the program. The researcher studied the amount of weight change that occurred over a two-month period. This is an example of which type of research design? |
| | A) | one-group, posttest-only |
| | B) | one-group, pretest-posttest |
| | C) | single-case |
| | D) | factorial |
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| 9 | |
An educator wanted to test the effectiveness of a new testing method in reducing test anxiety. The anxiety level of students was measured before the test began and then tested again 30-minutes later. Just after the test began, a boy accidentally slipped off his chair and all the children laughed. This example best refers to ___________ as an alternative explanation for the research findings. |
| | A) | maturation |
| | B) | testing |
| | C) | history |
| | D) | instrument decay |
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| 10 | |
__________ is defined as any time-related factor, such as fatigue, hunger, or boredom that might result in a change between the pretest and posttest measures of the dependent variable. |
| | A) | Maturation |
| | B) | Statistical regression |
| | C) | History |
| | D) | Instrument decay |
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| 11 | |
Statistical regression is likely to occur whenever participants are _________. |
| | A) | allowed to self-select their assignment to experimental condition |
| | B) | selected because of their extremely high or low pretest scores |
| | C) | subjected to different measurement scales on the pretest and posttest measures |
| | D) | all of these |
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| 12 | |
In a nonequivalent control group design, __________ is an internal validity problem. |
| | A) | the lack of a comparison group |
| | B) | test sensitization |
| | C) | selection differences |
| | D) | demand characteristics |
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| 13 | |
The difference between a one-group, pretest-posttest design and an interrupted-time series design is that the interrupted-time series design __________. |
| | A) | uses a posttest control group |
| | B) | requires multiple comparison groups |
| | C) | measures the variable over an extended period of time |
| | D) | incorporates several one-group, pretest measures |
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| 14 | |
In a single-case experimental design, the observation of a participant's behavior before the manipulated treatment is referred to as a __________. |
| | A) | timed-series control measurement |
| | B) | preexperimental control treatment |
| | C) | reversal control measurement |
| | D) | baseline control period |
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| 15 | |
Which of the following methods involves studying persons of different ages at only one point in time? |
| | A) | cross-sectional |
| | B) | longitudinal |
| | C) | control |
| | D) | both b and c |
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| 16 | |
Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of program evaluation research? |
| | A) | needs assessment, process evaluation, program theory assessment, efficiency assessment, outcome evaluation |
| | B) | process evaluation, needs assessment, program theory assessment, outcome evaluation, efficiency assessment |
| | C) | needs assessment, program theory assessment, process evaluation, outcome evaluation, efficiency assessment |
| | D) | process evaluation, program theory assessment, needs assessment, outcome evaluation, efficiency assessment |
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| 17 | |
Which of the following best accounts for the hex associated with being on the cover of Sports Illustrated? |
| | A) | regression toward the mean |
| | B) | testing effects |
| | C) | instrument decay |
| | D) | history effects |
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| 18 | |
A developmental researcher is interested in how self-esteem develops across the lifespan. He identifies 20 children in the first grade and has them fill out a series of questionnaires. He has them fill out the same questionnaires each year until they graduate high school. This is most clearly an example of |
| | A) | the cross-sectional method. |
| | B) | the longitudinal method. |
| | C) | the sequential method. |
| | D) | the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. |
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| 19 | |
Studies using ______ can reveal cohort effects. |
| | A) | the longitudinal method |
| | B) | the sequential method |
| | C) | the cross-sectional method |
| | D) | propensity score matching |
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| 20 | |
The sequential method is a compromise between |
| | A) | one-group posttest-only and one-group pretest-posttest designs. |
| | B) | propensity score matching and reversal designs. |
| | C) | nonequivalent control group and nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest designs. |
| | D) | longitudinal and cross-sectional methods. |
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| 21 | |
A researcher is conducting a study on how couples communicate. He has 5 research assistants watch videos of couples having conversations and take detailed notes. After a couple of hours, though, his assistants become very tired and start making mistakes. This is an example of |
| | A) | instrument decay. |
| | B) | regression toward the mean. |
| | C) | maturation effects. |
| | D) | history effects. |
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