 |
| 1 | |
An elementary form of learning called classical conditioning helps explain such diverse phenomena as: |
| | A) | fear of white rats. |
| | B) | playing tennis. |
| | C) | doing algebra. |
| | D) | bilingualism. |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus, such as a bell, comes to bring about a response after it is __________ that naturally brings about that response. |
| | A) | paired with a stimulus, such as food |
| | B) | paired with a reward, such as food |
| | C) | presented many times after a stimulus |
| | D) | presented once after a stimulus |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
Felicia was bitten by a huge Rottweiler when she was young. When she grew up, Felicia developed a fear not only of Rottweiler but of all dogs as well, and she now refuses to go near any of them. The fact that Felicia now avoids all dogs is an example of which of the following? |
| | A) | punishment |
| | B) | avoidance learning |
| | C) | stimulus generalization |
| | D) | stimulus discrimination |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
Nate wishes to condition his dog to woof in response to the refrain of the song "Who Let the Dogs Out?" Before beginning the learning trials, the song would be considered a(n) __________ stimulus. |
| | A) | neutral |
| | B) | unconditioned |
| | C) | conditioned |
| | D) | discriminative |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is called: |
| | A) | a reflex. |
| | B) | a phobia. |
| | C) | spontaneous recovery. |
| | D) | discrimination. |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
John has learned to tell the difference between the sound of his father's car and the other cars and trucks that pass his house. What process is at work here? |
| | A) | habituation |
| | B) | shaping |
| | C) | stimulus generalization |
| | D) | stimulus discrimination |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
Operant conditioning: |
| | A) | elicits an involuntary response. |
| | B) | consists of the association of two stimuli. |
| | C) | occurs when a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. |
| | D) | elicits a response similar to a reflex. |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
Reinforcers that are naturally reinforcing, such as food, water, and warmth, are called: |
| | A) | superstitious reinforcers. |
| | B) | generalized reinforcers. |
| | C) | primary reinforcers. |
| | D) | secondary reinforcers. |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
A reinforcer and a reward are the same thing; there is no difference. |
| | A) | a reward is limited to positive occurrences, but a reinforcer can be positive or negative. |
| | B) | a reward increases the probability that a preceding response will occur again but a reinforcer does not. |
| | C) | a reinforcer and a reward is the same thing; there is no difference. |
| | D) | a reward is monetary; but a reinforcer can be food, water, or praise. |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
Jason is a sharp young businessman. To get customers to come into his store on a steady basis, he has instituted a Scratch for Cash program. Each time a customer comes in, he or she gets to scratch a space on a big scratch ticket. Under some of the spaces there are winning numbers for prizes and cash winnings. Jason is employing a __________ schedule of reinforcement to keep customers coming. |
| | A) | continuous |
| | B) | variable interval |
| | C) | fixed ratio |
| | D) | variable ratio |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
Secondary reinforcers: |
| | A) | satisfy a basic need. |
| | B) | are effective because of an association with a primary need. |
| | C) | are effective because of a previous association with a primary reinforcer. |
| | D) | work naturally, regardless of a person's past experience. |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
Liz has a terrible migraine, so she takes a new kind of medicine to relieve her headache. Miraculously, her headache disappears after a relatively short period of time. The next time she gets a migraine she will try the same medicine again. This is an example of: |
| | A) | positive reinforcement. |
| | B) | negative reinforcement. |
| | C) | punishment by application. |
| | D) | punishment by removal. |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
Which of the following is a disadvantage to punishment? |
| | A) | Punishment is ineffective. |
| | B) | Punishment can convey the idea that physical aggression is permissible. |
| | C) | Punishment may have permanent effects on behavior. |
| | D) | Punishment only works when it is punishment by application. |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
Professor Harris decides to give his class pop quizzes instead of regularly scheduled tests every three weeks or so. He decides to do this because: |
| | A) | he is somewhat sadistic and likes to torture his students. |
| | B) | he wants his students to study regularly and be prepared in class. |
| | C) | he wants to reward those students who study and punish those who do not. |
| | D) | he believes ratio schedules of reinforcement are better than interval schedules of reinforcement. |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
To operate a behavior-changing program, you must: |
| | A) | design a data-recording system. |
| | B) | select a behavior-change strategy. |
| | C) | keep careful records after the program is implemented. |
| | D) | All of these |
|
|
|
| 16 | |
The cognitive learning theory views learning in terms of the __________ that underlie learning. |
| | A) | social skills |
| | B) | thought processes |
| | C) | psychophysics |
| | D) | conditionings |
|
|
|
| 17 | |
An experiment in which rats were not rewarded during their time experiencing a maze suggests that during that time the rats had: |
| | A) | been wandering aimlessly. |
| | B) | gotten lost several times. |
| | C) | learned the layout of the maze. |
| | D) | curled up in a corner for a nap. |
|
|
|
| 18 | |
We learn many complex skills by observing others' behavior (e.g., observing how to use a variety of silverware with which we may be unfamiliar); this is called: |
| | A) | classical conditioning. |
| | B) | operant conditioning. |
| | C) | problem solving. |
| | D) | observational learning. |
|
|
|
| 19 | |
Those who are concerned about the effects that television violence has on children are likely to focus on: |
| | A) | latent learning. |
| | B) | observational learning. |
| | C) | cognitive maps. |
| | D) | shaping. |
|
|
|
| 20 | |
Models that are __________ for behaving in a particular way are more likely to be imitated than those who are not. |
| | A) | rewarded |
| | B) | punished |
| | C) | ignored |
| | D) | avoided |
|
|
|
| 21 | |
Gina has an abnormal fear of gum disease. She got this fear when she saw that her mother brushed her teeth at least ten times a day and massaged her gums each time she brushed. When she asked her mother why she did this, her mother explained that she was afraid of getting gum disease. This fear was learned through: |
| | A) | classical conditioning. |
| | B) | instrumental conditioning. |
| | C) | operant conditioning. |
| | D) | observational learning. |
|
|
.