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1 | | When psychologists speak of life-span development, they are referring to an approach that emphasizes: |
| | A) | child development, specifically. |
| | B) | humanity's historical development. |
| | C) | only the periods of the human life span involving growth. |
| | D) | the periods of the human life span involving both growth and decline. |
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2 | | Whether or not intellectual skills can still be improved through education for individuals in their 70s is a question of: |
| | A) | normative age-graded influence. |
| | B) | plasticity. |
| | C) | multidirectionality. |
| | D) | normative life events. |
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3 | | Developmental psychologists suggest that some characteristics are of interest to professionals from more than one particularly field of study. Which characteristic of development does this suggest? |
| | A) | Development is contextual. |
| | B) | Development is plastic. |
| | C) | Development is multidisciplinary. |
| | D) | Development is multidirectional. |
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4 | | Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life and are usually not applicable to many people are called: |
| | A) | normative history-graded influences. |
| | B) | normative age-graded influences. |
| | C) | nonnormative life events. |
| | D) | None of these |
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5 | | Sociocultural contexts include four important concepts: culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and gender. Which of these four concepts could be defined as "the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation"? |
| | A) | gender |
| | B) | culture |
| | C) | ethnicity |
| | D) | socioeconomic status |
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6 | | Psychologists have learned that the ability to control one's environment can have a powerful effect on a person's health. They have also learned that poor health can influence intellectual functioning. This is an example of: |
| | A) | a biological process. |
| | B) | a cognitive process. |
| | C) | a social process. |
| | D) | the joint influence of biological and cognitive processes. |
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7 | | Which of the following is not an example of a cognitive process? |
| | A) | an infant watching a colorful mobile swing above his crib |
| | B) | an adolescent solving a crossword puzzle |
| | C) | an infant's smile in response to her mother's touch |
| | D) | a child memorizing a poem |
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8 | | Which of the following statements regarding developmentalists and their positions on the issues of nature–nurture, continuity–discontinuity, and stability–change is true? |
| | A) | Most developmentalists recognize that taking extreme positions on these issues is unwise. |
| | B) | Developmentalists are in agreement regarding how strongly development is influenced by each of these factors. |
| | C) | There is little debate among developmentalists on these issues. |
| | D) | All of these |
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9 | | The process we refer to when we speak of changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language is the _________ process. |
| | A) | cognitive |
| | B) | socioemotional |
| | C) | intellectual |
| | D) | conceptual |
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10 | | The most important issues in the study of development include all of the following except: |
| | A) | nature and nurture. |
| | B) | continuity and discontinuity. |
| | C) | stability and change. |
| | D) | masculinity and femininity. |
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11 | | Freud is associated with which theoretical perspective? |
| | A) | psychoanalytic |
| | B) | cognitive |
| | C) | behavioral and social cognitive |
| | D) | ecological |
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12 | | Which psychologist contended that "trust versus mistrust" is the first psychological stage? |
| | A) | Jean Piaget |
| | B) | Erik Erikson |
| | C) | Sigmund Freud |
| | D) | Lev Vygotsky |
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13 | | The criticisms of psychoanalytic theories include all of the following except: |
| | A) | there is a lack of scientific support for many of the claims made by these theories. |
| | B) | there is too much emphasis on sexual underpinnings of behaviors. |
| | C) | the theory paints far too negative a picture of human beings. |
| | D) | there is skepticism about the pureness of Piaget's stages. |
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14 | | The theory that emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it is called the _________ theory. |
| | A) | situated and collaborative |
| | B) | information-processing |
| | C) | cognitive |
| | D) | behaviorist |
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15 | | Which of the following is an assumption of Vygotsky's perspective on development? |
| | A) | Children are active in their construction of their understanding the world around them. |
| | B) | Children's cognitive skills cannot be understood when they are only developmentally analyzed and interpreted. |
| | C) | Cognitive skills are not mediated by words, language, and forms of discourse. |
| | D) | Cognitive skills do not have their origins in social relations. |
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16 | | Who was the psychologist responsible for originating the theory of attachment? |
| | A) | Konrad Lorenz |
| | B) | John Bowlby |
| | C) | Urie Bronfenbrenner |
| | D) | none of these |
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17 | | __________ is to operant conditioning, as __________ is to social cognitive theory. |
| | A) | Skinner; Bandura |
| | B) | Skinner; Pavlov |
| | C) | Pavlov; Watson |
| | D) | Pavlov; Bandura |
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18 | | According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, the macrosystem is: |
| | A) | the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course. |
| | B) | the culture in which individuals live. |
| | C) | involved when experiences in another social setting influence what the individual experiences in an immediate context. |
| | D) | the overarching system which includes all of these factors and more. |
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19 | | Which type of research method involves an in-depth look at one individual? |
| | A) | longitudinal approach |
| | B) | case study |
| | C) | experiment |
| | D) | scientific method |
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20 | | Which research strategy simultaneously compares individuals of different ages? |
| | A) | cross-sectional |
| | B) | longitudinal |
| | C) | experimental |
| | D) | correlational |
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