Physical Science: The Nature of Matter, Book K

Chapter 1: Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Inside the Atom

1.
Where did Rutherford propose that the positive charge in an atom was located?
A)moving in predictable orbits around the electrons
B)spread evenly throughout
C)in the center
D)in the outermost energy level
2.
Which of the following models of the atom reflects the unpredictable motion of the electron?
A)ball of raisin-cookie dough with raisins representing electrons
B)electron cloud
C)solid ball the same throughout
D)small ball within a large shell containing empty space
3.
What nineteenth century scientist combined the idea of elements with the Greek theory of the atom?
A)Isaac Newton
B)John Dalton
C)J.J. Thomson
D)Ernest Rutherford
4.
In Rutherford's experiment with alpha particles and gold foil, what was the function of the fluorescent film?
A)It flashed when hit by a charged particle and was used to track the motion of the alpha particles.
B)It was the electrode and conducted the negative charges through the foil.
C)It was used to bend the stream of alpha particles.
D)It was the cathode and generated high-speed electrons.
5.
Why don't the protons in the nucleus of an atom repel each other?
A)The negatively charged neutrons cancel the net positive charge of the protons in the nucleus.
B)They are held together by the strong nuclear force.
C)The negative areas of protons are attracted to the positive areas of other protons and hold the nucleus together.
D)They are far enough apart that their like charges do not repel each other.
6.
Carbon-14 is useful in determining __________.
A)the best method for the disposal of a radioactive sample
B)the age of dead plants and animals
C)how fast a radioactive sample will decay
D)the age of sedimentary rock layers
7.
Why did Thomson include some positively-charged matter in his model of the atom?
A)He knew that positive charges existed within the atom because the cathode ray was attracted to a negatively charged surface.
B)If atoms contained only negative charges, all matter would be negatively charged, and it is not.
C)If atoms contained only negative charges, the particles in the cathode ray would not be attracted toward the anode.
D)If atoms contained only electrons and empty space, then alpha particles should bounce right off of them and never pass through.
8.
The changing of one element into another through radioactive decay is called __________ .
A)half-life
B)periodic shift
C)nuclear fusion
D)transmutation
9.
Which of the following would cause a nucleus to be unstable?
A)equal numbers of protons and neutrons
B)the release of an alpha particle from americium-241 in a smoke detector
C)protons and neutrons packed tightly in the nucleus
D)too many neutrons
10.
A(n) __________ is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
A)compound
B)mixture
C)metal
D)element
11.
Some Greek philosophers believed that matter was made of __________ .
A)molecules
B)compounds
C)elements
D)atoms
12.
The __________ of an isotope is the number of neutrons plus protons.
A)atomic number
B)nucleus number
C)mass number
D)half-life
13.
Which of the following best describes Thomson's model of the atom?
A)ball of raisin-cookie dough with raisins representing electrons
B)small ball within a large shell containing empty space
C)solid ball the same throughout
D)electron cloud
14.
What particle in an atom is electrically neutral?
A)alpha
B)proton
C)neutron
D)electron
15.
Elements created by artificial transmutations are called __________.
A)synthetic elements
B)alpha products
C)isotopes
D)degraded elements
16.
__________ are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
A)Beta particles
B)Alpha particles
C)Compounds
D)Isotopes
17.
How did J.J. Thomson know that the beam in the cathode-ray tube was not light?
A)Light is not made up of particles.
B)He used a magnet to bend the beam, and light cannot be bent by a magnet.
C)The negatively charged particles in the beam were attracted to the negatively charged cathode.
D)It could not be seen without a microscope.
18.
A piece of metal that can conduct electricity is called a(n) __________ .
A)electron
B)electrode
C)foil
D)alpha particle
19.
The __________ of an element is the number of __________ of an atom of that element.
A)mass number; neutrons in the nucleus
B)atomic number; protons in the nucleus
C)atomic mass; protons in the nucleus
D)mass number; protons plus neutrons in the outermost energy level
20.
How did J.J. Thomson know that the particles in the cathode-ray tube were negatively charged?
A)The particles were spread evenly throughout the tube.
B)These particles were attracted to the positively charged anode, and he knew that opposite charges attract each other.
C)These particles were attracted to the negatively charged cathode, and he knew that like charges attract each other.
D)Some of the particles went veering off at large angles to the tube.
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