| anatomical sex | Identification as male or female based on physical sex characteristics, such as gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, penis, and so on.
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| androgen-insensitivity syndrome or testicular feminization | A genetic, hereditary condition passed through X chromosomes in which a genetic male is born with testes but is unable to absorb testosterone; as a result, the estrogen influence prevails, and his body tends toward a female appearance, failing to develop male internal and external sex organs.
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| androgyny | The unique and flexible combination of instrumental and expressive traits in accordance with individual differences, situations, and stages in the life cycle.
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| assigned gender | The gender ascribed by others, usually at birth.
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| cognition | Mental processes that intervene between stimulus and response, such as evaluation and reflection.
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| cognitive development theory | A child development theory that views growth as the mastery of specific ways of perceiving, thinking, and doing that occurs at discrete stages.
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| cognitive social learning theory | A child development theory that emphasizes the learning of behavior from others, based on the belief that consequences control behavior.
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| congenital adrenal hyperplasia | A condition in which a genetic female with ovaries and a vagina develops externally as a male as a result of a malfunctioning adrenal gland. Previously known as adrenogenital syndrome.
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| DHT deficiency | A genetic disorder in which some males are unable to convert testosterone to the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT), required for the normal development of external male genitals. Usually identified as girls at birth, the children begin to develop male genitals at adolescence.
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| expressiveness | Revealing or demonstrating one's emotions.
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| gender | The social and cultural characteristics associated with being male or female.
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| gender dysphoria | Dissatisfaction with one's gender.
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| gender identity | The gender one feels himself or herself to be.
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| gender identity disorder | A psychiatric diagnosis in which one's gender identity is inconsistent with one's anatomical gender, causing significant distress or impairment.
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| gender role | The role a person is expected to perform as a result of being male or female in a particular culture. Preferred over the term sex role.
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| gender-role attitude | Beliefs about appropriate male and female personality traits and activities.
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| gender-role behavior | The activities in which individuals engage in accordance with their gender.
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| gender-role stereotype | A rigidly held, oversimplified, and overgeneralized belief that all males and all females possess distinct psychological and behavioral traits.
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| gender schema | A set of interrelated ideas used to organize information about the world on the basis of gender.
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| gender theory | A theory that a society is best understood by how it is organized according to gender.
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| genetic sex | Identification as male or female based on chromosomal and hormonal sex characteristics.
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| hermaphrodite | A person with both male and female gonads: either one of each, two of each, or two ovotestes (gonads that have both ovarian and testicular tissue in the same gland). Also known as true hermaphrodite.
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| hypospadias | A condition in which the opening of the penis, rather than being at the tip, is located on the underside, glans, or shaft or at the junction of the scrotum.
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| instrumentality | Being oriented toward tasks and problem solving.
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| intersexuality | A combination of male and female anatomical structures.
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| Klinefelter syndrome | A condition in which a male has one or more extra X chromosomes, causing the development of female secondary sex characteristics.
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| modeling | The process of learning through imitation of others.
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| peer | An age-mate.
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| pseudohermaphrodite | A person with two testes or two ovaries but an ambiguous genital appearance.
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| script | In sociology, the acts, rules, and expectations associated with a particular role.
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| sex | Identification as male or female based on genetic and anatomical sex characteristics.
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| sex reassignment surgery (SRS) | The surgical process by which the reproductive organs are surgically altered from one sex to the other.
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| transgender | An inclusive gender category; a transgenderist is someone who lives full-time in a gender role opposite to the gender role presumed by society to match the person's genetic sex.
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| Turner syndrome | A chromosomal disorder affecting females born lacking an X chromosome, resulting in the failure to develop ovaries.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education