| amendment | changes in, or additions to, a constitution; must be proposed by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress or by a convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the state legislatures; ratified by approval of three-fourths of the states (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 194 in your textbook.)
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| Articles of Confederation | the first constitution of the United States (1781); created a weak national government; replaced in 1789 by the Constitution of the United States
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| authority | the power to influence or command thought, opinion, or behavior (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 183 in your textbook.)
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| balance of trade | the difference between the total amount of exports and imports for a country in one year
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| barter | the direct exchange of one good or service for another without the use of money
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| B.C.E and C.E | Before the Common Era (formerly known as B.C.) and Common Era (formerly known as A.D.)
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| bicameral | a legislative body composed of two houses
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| Bill of Rights | the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution; ratified in 1791; limits governmental power and protects basic rights and liberties of individuals (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 194 in your textbook.)
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| bureaucracy | an administrative organization that implements government policies
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| business cycle | the periods of recession and expansion that an economy goes through because production does not increase continuously over time (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 228 in your textbook.)
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| cabinet | secretaries, or chief administrators, of the major departments of the federal government; appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate
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| capital | manufactured resources such as tools, machinery, and buildings that are used in the production of other goods and services; sometimes called real capital (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 217 in your textbook.)
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| capital gains tax | money paid to the federal government out of profits from the sale of land, buildings, stocks, and other capital assets (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 233 in your textbook.)
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| capitalism | an economic system that is based on the private ownership of property and the resources of production (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 219 in your textbook.)
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| case study | an in-depth examination of an issue
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| chart | a visual aid that lists information in orderly rows and columns with easily readable headings and captions; also called a table (CHAPTER 1 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 29 in your textbook.)
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| checks and balances | the Constitutional mechanisms that authorize each branch of government to share powers with the other branches and thereby check their activities (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 192 in your textbook.)
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| citizen | a member of a political society who owes allegiance to a government and is entitled to its protection
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| civil rights | the protections and privileges of personal liberty given to all U.S. citizens by the Constitution and Bill of Rights
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| civilization | an advanced state of a society possessing historical and cultural unity (CHAPTER 6 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 172 in your textbook.)
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| command economy | an economic system in which the means of production are publicly owned and economic activity is controlled by the government, which assigns quantitative production goals and gives raw materials to productive enterprises (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 219 in your textbook.)
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| common or public good | to the benefit, or in the interest, of a politically organized society as a whole
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| communism | a political and economic system in which factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 219 in your textbook.)
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| compare | to look for ways in which two things are similar (CHAPTER 3 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 92 in your textbook.)
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| competitive behavior | when a business or individual acts in a self-interested way intending to increase wealth or personal gain
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| comprehend | to understand what something means (CHAPTER 1 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 27 in your textbook.)
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| concurrent powers | powers that may be exercised by both the federal and state governments
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| confederate | of, or pertaining to, a group of states more or less permanently united for common purposes
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| conservatism | a general preference for the existing order of society and an opposition to all efforts to bring about rapid or fundamental change in that order
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| consumer | a person or organization that purchases or uses a product or service (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 217 in your textbook.)
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| consumer sovereignty | the power consumers have in directing market economies because goods and services are produced and exchanged mostly to satisfy consumer wants
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| contrast | to look for ways in which two things are different (CHAPTER 3 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 92 in your textbook.)
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| criminal justice | the branch of law that deals with disputes or actions involving criminal penalties; regulates the conduct of individuals, defines crimes, and provides punishment for criminal acts
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| criteria | standards or reference points used to judge the worth or value of something
(See page 99 in your textbook.)
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| cultural diffusion | the adoption of an aspect (or aspects) of another group’s culture, such as the spread of the English language
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| cultural landscape | the visual outcome of humans living in a place
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| culture | the learned behavior of people, such as belief systems and languages, social relations, institutions, organizations, and material goods such as food, clothing, buildings, and technology (CHAPTER 6 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 169 in your textbook.)
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| cyclical unemployment | unemployment caused by a recession or other unstable economic times (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 228 in your textbook.)
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| deflation | a general lowering of prices; the opposite of inflation
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| delegated powers | powers granted to the national government under the Constitution, as enumerated in Articles I, II and III
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| demand | how much a consumer is willing and able to buy at each possible price (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 223 in your textbook.)
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| democracy | the practice of the principle of equality of rights, opportunity, and treatment (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 184 in your textbook.)
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| demographics | the statistical data of a population
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| developing nation | a country with low levels of well-being, as measured by economic, social, and technological sophistication
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| dictatorship | a system of government in which one person has absolute authority, including complete domination of the citizens’ lives; the most basic of citizens’ rights are taken away in order to guarantee the leader’s hold on power (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 184 in your textbook.)
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| distribution | the arrangement of items over an area
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| distributive system | an economic system in which every member in a society receives as much as he or she needs (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 218 in your textbook.)
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| due process of law | the right of every citizen to be protected against arbitrary action by government
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| economic growth | an increase in an economy’s ability to produce goods and services, which brings about a rise in standards of living
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| economics | the study of the process of producing and distributing a good and how it relates to buying, selling, and making a profit in a society (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 217 in your textbook.)
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| ecosystem | the interaction of all living organisms with each other and with the physical environment
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| emigration | the process of leaving a country (or other political unit) to live in another country
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| entrepreneur | a person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 217 in your textbook.)
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| environment | everything near and on Earth’s surface
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| Equal Protection Clause | The Fourteenth Amendment provision that prohibits states from denying equal protection of the laws to all people; prohibits discrimination against individuals in an arbitrary manner, such as on the basis of race
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| equal protection of the law | the idea that no individual or group may receive special privileges from, nor be unjustly discriminated by, the law
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| exchange rate | the price of one currency in terms of another
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| fact | a statement that can be proved to be true (CHAPTER 3 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 59 in your textbook.)
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| Federal Reserve System | a system of 12 district banks and a Board of Governors that regulates the activities of financial institutions and controls the money supply
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| federal supremacy | a concept established in Article VI of the Constitution providing that the Constitution and all federal laws and treaties shall be the "supreme Law of the Land;" therefore, all federal laws take precedence over state and local laws
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| federalism | a form of political organization in which governmental power is divided between a central government and territorial subdivisions—in the United States, among the national, state, and local governments
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| Federalist Papers | a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison that were published to support the adoption of the proposed United States Constitution
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| Federalists | advocates of a strong federal government and supporters of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution
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| feudalism | a political and economic system in which a lord required services from a vassal, and in return granted the vassal certain privileges, such as control over a castle and the surrounding territory
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| fiscal policy | how the government uses taxes and/or government expenditures to change the level of output, employment, or prices
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| foreign policy | policies of the federal government directed to matters beyond U.S. borders, especially relations with other countries
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| free enterprise | the freedom of private businesses to operate competitively, for profit, and without government controls
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| freedom of expression | the freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and petition that are protected by the First Amendment
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| freedom of the press | the freedom to print or publish without governmental interference
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| frictional unemployment | unemployment caused by workers quitting jobs because they are dissatisfied (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 228 in your textbook.)
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| genocide | the systematic destruction of an entire cultural or ethnic group (CHAPTER 6 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 174 in your textbook.)
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| global warming | the progressive gradual rise of Earth’s surface temperature thought to be caused by the greenhouse effect and responsible for changes in global climate patterns
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| globalization | the integration and democratization of the world’s culture, economy, and infrastructure through transnational investment, rapid proliferation of communication and information technologies, and the impacts of free-market forces on local, regional, and national economies
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| good | a product that is desired and purchased by consumers (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 217 in your textbook.)
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| government | a political organization constituting the individuals and institutions authorized to formulate public policies and conduct affairs of state (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 183 in your textbook.)
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| graph | a visual aid that makes comparisons of numbers or amounts by using lines, bars, circles, or pictures (CHAPTER 1 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 29 in your textbook.)
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| Great Compromise | an agreement made at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that balanced the interest of the small and large states, resulting in the United States Senate being made up of two senators from each state and a House of Representatives based on population
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| gross domestic product | a measure of how much an economy produces within its borders each year, stated in the dollar value of final goods and services
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| gross national product | a measure of the total amount of goods and services produced by an economy, both domestically and internationally
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| hemisphere | the northern or southern half of Earth divided by the equator or the eastern or western half divided by a meridian
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| human capital | the knowledge and skills that enable workers to be productive
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| human characteristics | the pattern that people make on the surface of Earth, such as cities, roads, canals, farms, and other ways people change Earth
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| human resources | labor used to produce goods and services (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 217 in your textbook.)
|
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| hypothesis | a conjecture that is made for the purpose of explaining an event; may be proved or disproved with the passage of time or the acquisition of more information about why or how events occur (CHAPTER 3 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 59 in your textbook.)
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| immigration | the process of moving to a country (or other political unit)
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| impeachment | the act of accusing a public official of misconduct in office by presenting formal charges against him or her by the lower house, with a trial to be held before the upper house
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| imperialism | the practice by which powerful nations or peoples seek to extend and maintain control or influence over weaker nations or peoples
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| inalienable rights | fundamental rights of the people that may not be taken away; a phrase used in the Declaration of Independence
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| incentive | a benefit offered to encourage people to act in certain ways
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| income tax | a percentage of wages, profits, and other income paid to federal, state, and local governments (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 233 in your textbook.)
|
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| indigenous | a group that derives its identity from its environment (CHAPTER 6 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 169 in your textbook.)
|
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| infer | to read between the lines to determine the writer’s key thought (CHAPTER 1 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 27 in your textbook.)
|
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| inflation | a general rise in the level of prices
|
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| initiative | a form of direct democracy in which the voters of a state can propose a law by gathering signatures and having the proposition placed on the ballot
|
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| innovation | the process of putting an invention to use and modifying it as the situation demands
|
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| interdependence | reliance on people in other places for information, resources, goods, and services
|
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| invention | an adaptation of a discovery to practical use
|
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| isolationism | the belief that the United States should not be involved in world affairs and should avoid involvement in foreign wars
|
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| judicial review | the doctrine that permits the federal courts to declare unconstitutional, and thus null and void, acts of the Congress, the executive branch, and the states; the precedent was established in the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison
|
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| justice | fair distribution of benefits and burdens, fair correction of wrongs and injuries, or use of fair procedures in gathering information and making decisions
|
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| land use | how people use Earth’s surface; often subdivided into specific uses
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| landform | a description of Earth’s shape at a certain place, such as a mountain range, plateau, or flood plain.
|
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| latitude | the distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees along a line of longitude
|
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| legend | the map key that explains the meaning of symbols on a map
|
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| liberalism | a political viewpoint or ideology that advocates political change in the name of progress, especially social improvement through governmental action
|
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| liquidity | the ease and speed with which something can be turned into cash
|
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| longitude | The distance east or west, almost always measured in relation to the prime meridian that runs north and south through Greenwich, England
|
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| macroeconomics | the branch of economics that considers the overall aspects and workings of a national economy such as national output, price levels, employment rates, and economic growth
|
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| Magna Carta | the document signed by King John of England in 1215 that limited the king’s power and guaranteed certain basic rights; considered the beginning of constitutional government in England
|
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| map | a visual aid that gives information about specific geographic areas, such as weather, population, and routes for traveling (CHAPTER 1 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 29 in your textbook.)
|
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| market | any setting in which exchange occurs between buyers and sellers
|
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| market economic system | a system in which most resources are owned by individuals and the interaction between buyers and sellers determines what is made, how it is made, and how much of it is made
|
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| market price | the price at which the quantity of goods and services demanded by consumers and the quantity supplied by producers are the same; sometimes called the equilibrium price
|
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|
| Mayflower Compact | the document drawn up by the Pilgrims in 1620, while on the Mayflower, before landing at Plymouth Rock; provided a legal basis for self-government
|
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| mercantilism | an economic and political policy in which the government regulates industry, trade, and commerce with the national aim of obtaining a favorable balance of trade
|
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|
| microeconomics | the branch of economics concerned with the decisions made by individuals, households, and firms and how these decisions interact to form the prices of goods and services and the factors of production
|
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|
| migrations | movements of groups from one location to another (CHAPTER 6 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 170 of your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| moderate | generally, a "middle-of-the-road" set of beliefs, rather than an ideology
|
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| monarchy | a type of government in which political power is exercised by a single ruler under the claim of divine or hereditary right (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 183 in your textbook.)
|
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| monetary policy | management of the money supply and interest rates to influence economic activity
|
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| money | any medium of exchange that is widely accepted in payment for goods and services and in settlement of debts
|
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| mortgage | a legal document that pledges a house or other real estate as security for repayment of a loan; enables a person to buy property without having the funds to pay for it outright
|
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| national security | condition of a nation’s safety from threats, especially threats from external sources
|
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| natural disaster | a process taking place in the natural environment that destroys human life, property, or both
|
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| natural resources | naturally occurring materials such as plants, animals, mineral deposits, soil, clean water, clean air, and fossil fuels, which can be used by people (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 217 in your textbook.)
|
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|
| normal unemployment | the level of unemployment that is considered acceptable for a healthy economy (usually less than 4 percent) (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 228 in your textbook.)
|
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|
| opinion | a statement that expresses the writer’s feelings or ideas about a topic; influenced heavily by the writer’s background, values, and outlook on life; cannot be proved or disproved (CHAPTER 3 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 59 in your textbook.)
|
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|
| oligarchy | a system of government in which a small group of people exercises total control (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 184 in your textbook.)
|
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|
| overriding a veto | the ability of Congress to pass a bill into law by a two-thirds majority vote after it has been vetoed by the president (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 192 in your textbook.)
|
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|
| physiographic | naturally occurring traits of a geographical area (CHAPTER 6 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 161 in your textbook.)
|
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|
| pluralism | the acceptance of many groups in society
|
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| political cartoon | a visual aid that expresses opinions about political events in a humorous and pointed way (CHAPTER 1 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 29 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| poverty | the condition of having insufficient resources or income; a lack of basic human needs, such as adequate and nutritious food, clothing, housing, clean water, and health services
|
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| price ceiling | a government policy that prevents the price of a good or service from exceeding a particular level
|
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|
| primitive economy | an economic system in which the acquisition and distribution of goods is completely absorbed within the traditional mode of existence as a whole (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 219 in your textbook.)
|
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| principle | a basic rule that guides or influences thought or action
|
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| producer | a person who changes resources into an output that tends to be more desirable than the resources were in their previous form
|
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| profit | the monetary difference between the cost of producing and marketing goods or services and the price subsequently received for those goods or services (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 217 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| progress | a series of improvements in human life marked by inventions and discoveries
(See page 275 in your textbook.)
|
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| progressive tax | a tax structure where people who earn more are charged a higher percentage of their income
|
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| property rights | the rights of an individual to own property and keep the income earned from it
|
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| property tax | money paid by property owners in local communities to local government to offset expenses of services provided including street construction and maintenance and often public schools (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 233 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| protectionism | the practice of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition by imposing import duties or quotas
|
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| public service | service to local, state, or national communities through appointed or elected office
|
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| quota | a limit on how much of a good can be imported; set either by quantity or by the dollar value
|
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| radical | a person who advocates sweeping changes in the laws and methods of government with the least delay
|
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| ratify | to confirm by expressing consent, approval, or formal sanction
|
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| reactionary | a political philosophy that advocates for the resisting of change and a return to an earlier social order or policy
|
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|
| referendum | a form of direct democracy in which citizens of a state, through gathering signatures, can require that a legislative act come before the people as a whole for a vote; also allows the legislature to send any proposal for a law to the people for a vote
|
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|
| refugee | a person who has fled or been expelled from his or her country of origin because of natural disaster, war or military occupation, or fear of religious, racial, or political persecution
|
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|
| region | a larger-sized territory that includes many smaller places, all or most of which share similar attributes, such as climate, landforms, plants, soils, language, religion, economy, government, or other natural or cultural attributes (CHAPTER 6 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 162 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| regressive tax | a tax structure where people who earn more pay a smaller percentage of their income in taxes
|
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|
|
| representative democracy | a form of government in which power is held by the people and exercised indirectly through elected representatives who make decisions
|
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|
| republican government | a system of government in which power is held by the voters and is exercised by elected representatives responsible for promoting the common welfare
|
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|
| resources | land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship used in the production of goods and services
|
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| return | how well you do by investing in one asset as opposed to another
|
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|
| revolution | a complete or drastic change of government or society and the rules which are followed by that government or society
|
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|
| risk | how much uncertainty accompanies your choice of investment
|
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|
|
| rule of law | the principle that every member of a society, even a ruler, must follow the law
|
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|
|
| sales tax | money paid to federal, state, or local governments on the purchase of goods or services (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 233 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| scale | the relationship between a distance on the ground and the distance on a map
|
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|
| scarce | when a good or service is insufficient in quantity to satisfy the demand or need for it
|
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|
| science | a branch of systematic study concerned with the observation and classification of facts and the establishment of laws based on data
(See page 253 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| seasonal unemployment | unemployment caused by a change from one season or time period to another (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 228 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| separation of powers | the division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision-making
|
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|
| service | labor that is purchased by consumers (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 217 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| Social Security | the use of contributions made by workers and employers through a social security tax to provide income to people and their families during retirement or in the case of unemployment, disability, or death (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 233 in your textbook.)
|
|
|
|
| socialism | an economic system in which property and the distribution of income are subject to social and governmental control rather than individual determination of market forces (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 219 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| sovereignty | the ultimate, supreme power in a state
|
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|
|
| spatial | pertaining to distribution, distance, direction, areas, and other aspects of space on Earth’s surface
|
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|
|
| specialization | when a business focuses on producing a limited number of goods and leaves the production of other goods to other businesses; how each person working to produce a good might work on one part of the production instead of producing the whole good
|
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|
|
| standard of living | the overall quality of life that people experience
|
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|
|
| structural unemployment | unemployment caused by a rapid change in the character of the economy (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 228 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| suffrage | the right to vote
|
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|
| summarize | to briefly express a writer’s key thought (CHAPTER 1 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 27 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| supply | the quantity of a product or service a producer is willing and able to offer for sale at each possible price (CHAPTER 8 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 223 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| tariff | a tax on an imported good
|
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|
|
| technology | the application of processes, methods, or knowledge to achieve a specific purpose
(See page 253 in your textbook.)
|
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|
|
| theocracy | any government in which the leaders of the government are also the leaders of the religion and they rule as representatives of the deity (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 184 in your textbook.)
|
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|
| totalitarianism | a centralized government that does not tolerate parties of differing opinion and that exercises dictatorial control over many aspects of life
|
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|
| treaty | a formal agreement between sovereign nations to create or restrict rights and responsibilities
|
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|
|
| unitary government | a government system in which all governmental authority is vested in a central government from which regional and local governments derive their powers
|
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|
|
| United Nations | an international organization composed of most of the nations of the world, formed in 1945, to promote global peace, security, and economic development
|
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|
| urbanization | the process of an increasing number of people moving to cities to work and live, and the development that results
|
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|
|
| veto | a privileged single vote that, according to some systems of rules for decision-making, has the effect of blocking or negating a majority decision (CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS)
(See page 192 in your textbook.)
|
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|
| voluntary exchange | trade between people when each one feels he or she is better off after the trade
|
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| wealth | an accumulation of goods having economic value
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education