Research Links

Ancient Times and the Brain

http://www.trepan.com/
The official website of the International Trepanation Advocacy Group, a leading authority on trepanation.

http://skepdic.com/trepanation.html
A skeptical account of modern practices of trepanning for "enlightenment" purposes.

http://www.epub.org.br/cm/n02/historia/trepan.htm
An excellent history of trepanning with photos of skulls and ancient instruments used in the practice of trepanning. Includes an account of a 1962 trepanning which utilized ancient Peruvian instruments.

http://www.brain-surgery.com/history.html
A brief discussion of brain surgery throughout history, starting around 7000 B.C.

http://www.yoursurgery.com/data/Procedures/craniotomy/p_craniotomy.cfm
Encyclopedic web page related to craniotomy with full diagrams, photos, brain scans, explanations, and definitions. A preparatory site for those considering craniotomy procedures.

http://www.tir.com/~lanata/mummification.html
An interesting account of Ancient Egypt's mummification practices. Site discusses the removal of the brain, an important part of this ancient procedure.

http://history.evansville.net/egypt.html#Search
A comprehensive listing of sites on Ancient Egypt.

Ancient Greece and the Brain

http://plato.evansville.edu/public/burnet/ch4c.htm
Short biography on Alcmaeon of Croton (founder of empirical psychology) and his theories about the brain as the "seat of the soul."

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Andrea/HippocratesOnHeart.html#plato
Plato, Aristotle, and Hippocrates on the location of the seat of the soul (brain or heart). Includes a discourse on the arguments of the cardiocentrists vs. the cerebrocentrists.

http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/sacred.html
Web version of "On the Sacred Disease", Hippocrates' views on the brain.

http://web1.ea.pvt.k12.pa.us/medant/GNatHom1.htm
Web version of Galen's commentary on Hippocrates: On the Nature of Man.

Animal Spirits

http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/17thcent.htm
The humors of the brain (Galen and Robert Burton) and the mechanistic view of behavior (Descartes).

http://www.stanford.edu/class/history13/earlysciencelab/body/nervespages/nerves.html
History of the nerves and nervous system with a focus on the "animal spirits" and hollow nerve theories.

Mind-Brain Theories

http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/Mind/
An excellent web version of an exhibit presented to the American Psychological Association regarding the history of the mind-brain argument.

http://www.human-nature.com/mba/intro.html
Robert M. Young's "Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century", a short essay on the mind-brain argument and the interaction of brain on behavior.

http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/monism.htm
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy definition of monism.

http://www.pantheist.net/society/monism.html
Ernst Haeckel's definition of monism from "The Riddle of the Universe."

http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/germidea.htm
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy definition of German idealism. Discusses the development of German idealism and its effects on the positive sciences.

http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/descarte.htm
An essay on Descartes' dualism. Includes excerpts from Descartes' works.

http://moebius.psy.ed.ac.uk/~dualism/papers/brains.html
Essay on the mind-brain problem with an emphasis on dualism.

Localization of Functions

http://www.unb.ca/web/units/psych/likely/headlines/C1800_29.htm
An interesting look at neurological history from 1800 to 1829 in the form of newspaper headlines.

http://198.146.60.86/psy3020/PagesAvailable/brief_history.htm
Descriptive and terse account of the evolution of the brain's localization of functions.

http://www-instruct.nmu.edu/psychology/hwhitake/content/3papers19.htm
Biographical accounts of Gall, Spurzheim, Flourens, and Broca, by Harry Whitaker.

http://www.shef.ac.uk/~psysc/mba/chap1.html
A well-written chapter on Gall and phrenology.

http://www.gober.net/victorian/reports/mesmersm.html
An essay on the Victorian English search for meaning, and phrenology's influence on that search.

http://clearinghouse.mwsc.edu/manuscripts/83.asp
A paper on the history of phrenology and its impact on America and the world.

http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/function.htm
History of the localization theories and ideas from phrenology to Flourens' ablation experiments.

http://www.thoemmes.com/psych/ferrier.htm
A review of David Ferrier's classic work from 1876 on localization of function.

http://cognet.mit.edu/MITECS/Entry/thompson1
MIT's encyclopedia article on Karl Lashley.

Aphasia, Alexia and Apraxia

http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Broca/aphemie-e.htm
An English translation of Paul Broca's 1861 paper on aphasia. Broca coined the term "aphemia."

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/927.html
A brief biography of Karl Wernicke. Includes a list different psychology terms named for him.

http://www.people.virginia.edu/~jpd3n/wernicke.html
Brief description of Wernicke's aphasia. Includes a CT scan of a patient with the disorder.

http://english.ug.edu.au/linguistics/IC310/neuroanatomy.htm
Web page dedicated to the neuroanatomy of language class notes for a linguistics course at the University of Queensland. Provides an excellent framework for different types of aphasia; includes highly relevant links.

http://www.medinfosource.com/resource/aphasia.html
Medinfosource's definition of aphasia.

http://cognet.mit.edu/MITECS/Entry/gazzaniga
A synopsis on the history of hemispheric specialization with excellent links.

http://www.science.wayne.edu/~dwhitman/alexia.htm
Excellent and thorough paper on alexia and agraphia with charts describing symptoms.

http://www.univ.trieste.it/~brain/ActBrain/BKNeuropsyA_large.htm
The neuropsychology of hand movements and Hugo Liepmann's contributions to apraxia theories and concepts.

Behaviorism

http://www.acs.appstate.edu/~kms/classes/psy3202/pavlov1.htm
Web version of the famous behaviorist, Ivan Pavlov's lecture on brain and behavior.

http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Psych/rwozniak/loeb.html
An excellent essay by Robert Wozniak on Jacques Loeb and his work, "Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology."

Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience

http://www.psychomedia.it/pm/science/psybyo/solms.htm
Mark Solms' paper on the integration of psychoanalysis and neuroscience.

http://www.psychomedia.it/pm/science/psybyo/rizzuto.htm
Ana-Marie Rizzuto discussing Freud's "On Aphasia".

http://www.anotherscene.com/freudlacan/faphasia.html
Freud's pre-psychoanalytic career with an emphasis on "On Aphasia." Includes excerpts.

John Hughlings-Jackson

http://cognet.mit.edu/MITECS/Entry/farah1
Martha Farah's essay on neuropsychological deficits and the works of John Hughlings-Jackson. Includes excellent links to related neuropsychological and cognitive impairments.

http://www.bps.org.uk/centenary/chronology.cfm
Chronological listing of events in British psychology from 1853 to 1987. Part of the British Psychological Society's website, it includes the works of John Hughlings-Jackson (1860), Darwin (1859), and Ferrier (1876).

http://www.maccs.mg.edu.au/~max/Vision/
An outline of visual agnosia disorders with interesting links to related sites.

Other Sites of Interest

http://bioag.byu.edu/zoology/Neuroscience/Pages/Deborah.htm
A history of neuroscience with a detailed timeline.

http://www.geocities.com/ahris/what.html
Offers a current definition of neuropsychology.

http://www.napnet.org/genneuro.html
A helpful list of sites related to neuropsychology and neurology.

http://www.vh.org/Providers/Textbooks/MicroscopicAnatomy/Appendices/Appendix5.html
A comprehensive glossary of the nervous system terms.