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Practice Quiz
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1
One of the unique aspects of cultural anthropology is
A)spending long periods living in the communities they study.
B)the use of questionnaires in their fieldwork.
C)the collection of quantitative behavior data.
D)subjecting people to laboratory experimentation.
2
As defined in "A Dispute in Donggo," the practice by some ethnographers of using the "ethnographic present" meant that they described the communities they studied as though
A)the inhabitants acted as expected in order to please those studying them.
B)customs from the distant past were still practiced.
C)the communities were frozen in time.
D)all ethnographic studies were done during the same decade, the 1960s.
3
According to one of the villagers quoted in "A Dispute in Donggo," having to do the assault case in which la Ninde was accused of striking ina Mone, "What la Ninde was convicted of was more true than what really happened."
A)True
B)False
4
As explained in "Eating Christmas in the Kalahari," Richard Borshay Lee found that
A)an outsider should not visit the Bushmen without bringing a gift.
B)Bushmen do not welcome visitors at holidays.
C)it is considered incorrect to insult guests within the Bushmen society.
D)the response of people to a gift can be instructive about their culture.
5
According to "Eating Christmas in the Kalahari," the !Kung Bushmen's interpretation of the Christmas story is that it
A)honors the birth of Christ.
B)praises the birth of white man's god-chief.
C)represents the night of the shooting star.
D)means that it is gift-giving time.
6
In "Eating Christmas in the Kalahari," author Richard Borshay Lee claims that it is a general custom among the !Kung Bushmen to insult the animal that a man has tracked down and killed and that he intends to share with the rest of the tribe because they
A)are amused by malicious jokes.
B)are genuinely dissatisfied and hope he will do better next time.
C)want to enforce general humility and prevent that man from boasting and thinking of the tribe as his servants or inferiors.
D)always have plenty of food on hand and rarely require any additional contribution.
7
During most of his stay with the Bushmen, Lee gave generously of his food and drink to stay on good terms with them.
A)True
B)False
8
In "Eating Christmas in the Kalahari," it is reported that the !Kung Bushmen only insult boastful outsiders, never members of their own tribe.
A)True
B)False
9
As asserted in "Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS," the women in the project all resisted the notion that
A)they might be selling themselves.
B)prostitution is not acceptable in polite society.
C)the government will look out for them.
D)safe sex will protect them.
10
As cited in "Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS," one of the first challenges the researcher faced was
A)finding safe shelter.
B)identifying locations where street prostitution took place.
C)securing payment for time spent on the research.
D)differentiating the good social workers from the bad.
11
As commented upon in "Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS," in order for the researcher to develop a relationship
A)the police had to be brought in.
B)being supportive and providing practical assistance were the most visible and direct ways to make contact.
C)many months would have to pass.
D)rapport was of least importance.
12
As suggested in "Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS," being given a street name was
A)an insult.
B)required to establish a sound identity.
C)a symbolic gesture of acceptance.
D)necessary for police protection.
13
As set out in "Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS," the author developed an identity that
A)served only to provide protective cover among her allies.
B)matched the needs of her research solely.
C)reflected her true personality.
D)allowed her to be both an insider and an outsider.
14
As pointed out in "Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS," crack houses were the perfect environment for informal conversations.
A)True
B)False
15
As mentioned in "Tricking and Tripping: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS," being an unknown woman in an area known for prostitution may cause people to notice or stare at you, but it fails to yield many verbal interactions.
A)True
B)False
16
As described in "Can White Men Jump?", today's Kenyan runners are not superhumans with super-genes, but rather they are participants in
A)good old-fashioned ambition for success.
B)a military-like regimen of training.
C)a culture of the extreme.
D)a revolution against nineteenth-century stereotypes.
17
According to "Can White Men Jump?", after the 2008 Summer Olympics, the immediate suspicion was that the Jamaicans who were so dominant in track and field had succeeded because of
A)steroid use.
B)a protein produced by a special gene variant called ACTN3.
C)their high-protein, high-carb diet.
D)an intensive training program.
18
As listed in "Can White Men Jump?", in addition to the Kenyan runners, Jamaican track stars, and South Korean female golfers, the Dominican Republic has become known for producing male
A)jockeys.
B)basketball players.
C)gymnasts.
D)baseball players.
19
The authors of "Can White Men Jump?" note that when British runner Roger Bannister became the first human to run the four-minute mile, it was years before other runners achieved the same feat.
A)True
B)False
20
Which of the following varies from culture to culture with respect to people's perceptions of space and time?
A)The direction from which they read, right to left or left to right.
B)The direction in which they see the future, ahead of them or behind them.
C)Whether or not they ignore directions such as east and west when thinking about time.
D)All of the above.
21
When a drink is accidentally spilled, which of the following speakers is more like to notice who did it?
A)the English-speaker.
B)the Japanese-speaker.
C)the Spanish speaker.
D)all of the above are equally likely to notice who did it.
22
There is evidence that the language one speaks has an influence on one's ability to
A)sense direction.
B)figure out one's gender early in life.
C)remember who caused an accident.
D)do all of the above.
23
People who speak languages that rely on absolute directions are remarkably good at keeping track of where they are, even in unfamiliar landscapes or inside unfamiliar buildings.
A)True
B)False
24
As discussed in "Do You Speak American?", educators in Oakland tried in the late 1990s to get black English recognized not as a dialect but as
A)slang that was unacceptable in a classroom setting.
B)the predecessor of modern English.
C)the source of a uniquely American national literature.
D)a separate language called Ebonics.
25
The fact that African-American children are growing up with non-standard English dialect needs to be dealt with by
A)getting them to drop that way of speaking as soon as possible
B)school systems helping minority students become "bilingual" in both standard and non-standard English
C)having such students enroll in English as a Second Language classes along with immigrants
D)letting them learn from their mistakes when they get into the work world where they will have to speak standard English
26
As explained in "Do You Speak American?", colored dots on a map showing different areas of pronunciation allowed linguists to create the
A)Atlas of North American English.
B)pronunciation guide most commonly used in college dictionaries.
C)evidence for the influence of accent-neutral national newscasters.
D)Academy of American English.
27
According to "Do You Speak American?", the growing homogenization of language in the United States is a myth.
A)True
B)False
28
As quoted in 'Do You Speak American?", prescriptivist John Simon sees the current state of American English as "unhealthy, poor, sad, depressing, and probably fairly hopeless."
A)True
B)False
29
As profiled in "Fighting for Our Lives," the author's interest in the topic of opposition in public discourse intensified following the
A)Vietnam War.
B)2000 U.S. presidential election.
C)publication of her book about communication between men and women.
D)2003 divorce from her husband.
30
As noted in "Fighting for Our Lives," the author uses the word agonism to denote an automatic warlike stance; the word is derived from agonia, a Greek word meaning
A)agony.
B)offensive.
C)involuntary.
D)contest.
31
According to Tannen, appropriate alternatives to the argument culture include
A)managing conflict by means of dialogue.
B)an emphasis upon debates to the exclusion of other forms of discussion.
C)letting opponents fight it out in physical combat.
D)all of the above.
32
As reported in "Fighting for Our Lives," the only group of professionals that was significantly more able than others to tell when people were lying was
A)members of the Secret Service.
B)lawyers.
C)employees of the CIA.
D)psychotherapists.
33
As revealed in "Fighting for Our Lives," psychologists have found that the words used to ask people what they recall affect what they recall.
A)True
B)False
34
As noted in "Shakespeare in the Bush," the author's experience validates the conclusion that
A)great literature transcends cultural barriers.
B)character motivations in literature are not easily understandable by all cultures.
C)literature is a universal language.
D)new audiences find Shakespeare more understandable after drinking beer.
35
As she explains in "Shakespeare in the Bush," Laura Bohannan encountered a major translation problem in telling the story of "Hamlet" to the Tiv, because they had no word or concept for
A)death.
B)ghost.
C)suicide.
D)jealousy.
36
The author of "Shakespeare in the Bush" notes that in the Tiv language, the word for "scholar" also means
A)headman.
B)wise person.
C)witch.
D)storyteller.
37
According to the Tiv,
A)omens can't talk.
B)dead men can't walk.
C)dead men can't cast shadows.
D)all of the above are true.
38
Storytelling is a skilled art among the Tiv, as noted in "Shakespeare in the Bush."
A)True
B)False
39
As detailed in "How Cooking Frees Men," the main reason that it took so long for people to obtain the necessary calories for survival in pre-cooking humans was the amount of time it took
A)to hunt large animals.
B)to gather enough vegetable and fruit matter for a day's caloric needs.
C)for people to chew a raw diet.
D)to gather foods not only for the day's needs but to store for the winters.
40
Which of the following is true regarding the sexual division of labor in hunting and gathering societies?
A)Women typically produce most of the calories.
B)The value of the men's contribution is always more critical in maintaining health and survival.
C)Reliance upon sharing seems to have required a cooperative temperament and exceptional intelligence.
D)The relative importance of foods obtained by women and men does not change at different times of the year.
41
According to "How Cooking Frees Men," even though gender-specific roles may vary from one society to another, the gendered division of labor is a human universal.
A)True
B)False
42
Although the specific food types varied from place to place, in hunting and gathering societies, men always tended to provide the staples.
A)True
B)False
43
The sexual division of labor in hunting and gathering societies was made possible by the cooking of food.
A)True
B)False
44
As concluded in "When Cousins Do More than Kiss," perhaps the primary reason we still hang on to incest taboos today is that they still benefit us:
A)psychologically.
B)biologically.
C)socially.
D)spiritually.
45
As reported in "When Cousins Do More than Kiss," historically, royal siblings were expected to marry each other and produce an heir to prevent diluting the royal bloodline in
A)Sumeria, Phoenicia, and Egypt.
B)Egypt, Hawaii, and Peru.
C)Peru, Carthage, and Persia.
D)Persia, Cyprus, and Macedonia.
46
As mentioned in "When Cousins Do More than Kiss," people in China are discouraged from marrying
A)people with the same surname, even if there is no evidence of kinship.
B)people who share their mother's family name, even if there is no evidence of kinship.
C)those from other ethnic Chinese groups if the language spoken is different.
D)people who have been adopted, as their lineage is unknown.
47
According to "When Cousins Do More than Kiss," incest taboos in most societies share agreement about which relationships are taboo.
A)True
B)False
48
As indicated in "The Inuit Paradox," no one, not even residents of the northernmost villages on Earth
A)eats an entirely traditional northern diet anymore.
B)cares about proper nutrition.
C)listens to their cardiologists about nutrition.
D)emphasizes diet in his or her life plans.
49
As shown in "The Inuit Paradox," the Eskimo did well on
A)low protein and low fat diets.
B)high protein and high fat diets.
C)minimal carbohydrates.
D)excessive carbohydrates.
50
The traditional diet of the Far North, along with exercise, provided a hedge against
A)obesity.
B)type 2 diabetes.
C)heart disease.
D)all of the above.
51
As claimed in "The Inuit Paradox," hunter-gatherer diets like those eaten by the northern groups
A)were vitamin C deficient, resulting in a high incidence of scurvy
B)are among the older approaches to human eating.
C)became the chief causes of early deaths in the pioneer days.
D)have been purposely duplicated in modern times.
52
As Gadsby ("The Inuit Paradox") points out, anyone eating a meat diet that is low in carbohydrates must have fat as well.
A)True
B)False
53
As related in "The Inuit Paradox," the closer people live to towns and the more access they have to stores and cash-paying jobs, the more likely they are to have Westernized their eating.
A)True
B)False
54
As explained in "Ties that Bind," often, when two cultures make contact
A)new bonds are immediately formed.
B)deep misunderstandings can arise.
C)peace negotiations are harmonious.
D)language differences provide an immediate barrier.
55
As noted in "Ties that Bind," the Hopi typically divide their work according to
A)age.
B)skill level.
C)gender.
D)interest.
56
Among the Hopi, as indicated in "Ties that Bind," clan heads and chiefs of religious societies
A)are typically worse off materially than the average member of the clan.
B)expect others to create ritual gifts for them on a weekly basis.
C)establish heads of household by gender-neutral design.
D)receive land as payment for their roles as elders of the clan.
57
As discussed in "Ties that Bind," as in strict barter, an exchange in Hopi culture that begins by making a gift to someone
A)causes immediate concern among the neighboring villages.
B)brings about a round of celebrations.
C)requires relatives to honor the commitments expressed by the gift giving.
D)does not involve money, but does require reciprocity.
58
As related in "Ties that Bind," work done by men among the Hopi such as farming and harvesting of crops, is perceived as a gift to the women.
A)True
B)False
59
As noted in "Ties that Bind," so averse are the Hopi to material accumulation that in May 2004 they voted against casino gambling.
A)True
B)False
60
Which of the following aspects of cell phone etiquette can be interpreted as stinginess in Nigeria?
A)Too much text messaging.
B)Failure to call back after a friend has "flashed."
C)An unwillingness to share phone credit.
D)All of the above.
61
In Nigeria, "the fire that consumes money" refers specifically to
A)the cell phone.
B)text messaging.
C)Flashing.
D)the calls made from "killer numbers" that were rumored to even cause madness or death if one were answered.
62
According to Daniel Jordan Smith, the vast majority of cell phone users in Nigeria make calls that are
A)of a business nature.
B)equivalent to a "friendly visit."
C)of an emergency nature.
D)for making appointments with doctors, dentists, and other professional services.
63
Nigerians see cell phone credit as something like money, to be kept to oneself, rather than like food and drink, which should be shared.
A)True
B)False
64
According to "When Brothers Share a Wife," polyandry in Tibet
A)is considered detrimental to social structure.
B)is based on the need for population growth.
C)consists of brothers marrying the same woman.
D)causes early death for many women.
65
Fraternal polyandry in Tibet was traditionally a marriage arranged by
A)parents of those to be married.
B)the elder of the brothers to be married.
C)the woman to be married.
D)the brothers as a group.
66
According to "When Brothers Share a Wife," in a polyandrous marriage
A)the wife always shows favor to the youngest brother.
B)children can tell who their real father is and address him by a special title.
C)there is only one set of heirs in a generation.
D)if one brother decides to leave, the wife is returned to her own family.
67
Tibetans generally opt for fraternal polyandry, as asserted in "When Brothers Share a Wife," because of
A)sexual preference.
B)social pressure.
C)materialistic interests.
D)strong kinship bonds.
68
Melvyn C. Goldstein states in "When Brothers Share a Wife" that fraternal polyandry is practiced in Tibet because of the shortage of females caused by female infanticide.
A)True
B)False
69
As noted in "Death Without Weeping," the high infant-mortality rate in Brazil
A)is due to abusive fathers
B)leads to changing patterns of maternal nurturing.
C)is related to climate conditions.
D)is consistent throughout the country.
70
Nancy Scheper-Hughes ("Death Without Weeping") found institutionalized indifference to the death of infants on the part of
A)office clerks regarding the registration of such deaths.
B)city-employed doctors treating malnourished babies.
C)the local catholic church in explaining why a child would die.
D)all of the above.
71
In which of the following circumstances do women in the Brazilian Northeast usually leave the small children at home alone with the door securely fastened? While they
A)work on the sugar plantations.
B)work in the homes of the rich.
C)wash their clothes in the river.
D)all of the above.
72
To Catholic women of Brazil's Northeast, "letting nature take its course" regarding infant mortality is a sin.
A)True
B)False
73
Most infant victims in Brazil, as revealed in "Death Without Weeping," are buried with a minimum of ceremony.
A)True
B)False
74
According to "Arranging a Marriage in India," the practice of arranged marriages in India
A)is largely a phenomenon of the past.
B)is preferred by some young Indians.
C)is an unmitigated disaster for women.
D)has no redeeming value as a mode of selecting life partners.
75
The author of "Arranging a Marriage in India" speculates that the practice of arranged marriages has resulted in young Indian women
A)resenting their parents' influence on their lives.
B)becoming self-confident and charming since they did not have to worry about their popularity with the opposite sex.
C)becoming shy and hesitant in social interactions.
D)seeking to marry men from other cultures to avoid arranged marriages.
76
As noted in "Arranging a Marriage in India," the practice of giving a dowry is still legal but rarely occurs these days in India.
A)True
B)False
77
According to "Arranging a Marriage in India," being in the military makes a man a very desirable candidate for marriage.
A)True
B)False
78
In a typical, traditional Japanese family, according to "Who Needs Love," the husband
A)does not tell his wife that he likes her or thank her for what she does for him.
B)spends very little time with the children.
C)spends little time talking to his wife.
D)all of the above.
79
According to "Who Needs Love! In Japan, Many Couples Don't" the divorce rate in Japan
A)is the highest in the industrialized world.
B)is due to incompatible spouses.
C)rises as love matches rise.
D)is low because of harsh property settlement laws.
80
In comparison to the U.S., in Japan married couples are expected to
A)be more patient with each other.
B)have a great deal in common.
C)like each other.
D)all of the above.
81
As reported in "Who Needs Love! In Japan, Many Couples Don't" Japanese couples divorce infrequently because
A)they are not allowed to marry under tradition until they have lived together for 10 years.
B)they have low expectations for marriages and because there are cultural stigmas toward divorce.
C)extramarital affairs are expected because of the former need to vary the gene pools of the populations of historically isolated villages.
D)the court fees are typically twice the annual incomes of the spouses.
82
The typical, traditional Japanese family is best described as
A)durable.
B)happy.
C)cohesive, in the sense that husband, wife and children do a lot together.
D)all of the above.
83
According to "Who Needs Love! In Japan, Many Couples Don't" the religious concept of "gaman", or predetermined fate, is a major reason many Japanese women remain in abusive marriages.
A)True
B)False
84
According to "The Berdache Tradition," American Indians believe that when a person becomes a berdache:
A)it is because of his mother's influence.
B)he should leave the community.
C)it is his own choice.
D)a supernatural force is responsible.
85
Native Americans tend to explain events in terms of
A)logic.
B)Reality.
C)a multiplicity of spirits.
D)dichotomies of right and wrong.
86
With respect to erotic behavior, berdaches
A)generally take on the masculine role in their relationships with other men.
B)may become the wife of a man.
C)are always asexual.
D)usually become the "wife" of a woman.
87
As noted in "The Berdache Tradition," in American Indian religion, the spirit of a human is superior to all animal spirits.
A)True
B)False
88
The hijra's identity and sense of community are incorporated in
A)Hinduism and Islam.
B)Hinduism and Christianity.
C)Hinduism and Buddhism.
D)Buddhism and Christianity.
89
The guru/chela relationship modeled after ________________ relationships which are an important feature of Hinduism
A)husband/wife.
B)father/child
C)sibling.
D)teacher/disciple.
90
Those hijras who are the better rewarded financially and who have the highest status are the ones who earn a living by
A)working in bathhouses.
B)performing at marriages and at births.
C)begging.
D)prostitution
91
Most Hijra are born intersexed (hermaphrodites) and are taken away from their parents and brought into the hijra community as infants.
A)True
B)False
92
Early attempts to "cure" homosexuals included
A)hormone treatments and averse conditioning using nausea-inducing drugs
B)lobotomy and castration
C)electroshock
D)all of the above
93
The most remarkable reversal regarding societal attitudes toward gays has come about when
A)Sigmund Freud's announced his position on homosexuality
B)Psychology reached a consensus that homosexuality is not a mental illness
C)the U.S. military instituted "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
D)the attempts to "cure" homosexuality failed
94
Sigmund Freud was the first psychiatrist to consider Homosexuality to be an illness.
A)True
B)False
95
Comparisons between heterosexual and sexual minority families do not reveal reliable disparities in the children's mental health or social adjustment or in the parents' fitness or parenting abilities
A)True
B)False
96
According to "Where Fat Is a Mark of Beauty," a stay in the fattening room in Nigeria is
A)essential to every youth's cultural education in parts of Nigeria.
B)undertaken between the ages of five and seven.
C)a rite of passage between maidenhood and womanhood.
D)traditional for Nigerian brides.
97
As detailed in "Where Fat Is a Mark of Beauty," during a traditional wedding ceremony, an Efik bride sits on a
A)specially built wooden throne.
B)wooden stool.
C)plantain leaf.
D)straight-back chair.
98
As related in "Where Fat Is a Mark of Beauty," while in the fattening room, girls receive tips on how to be a successful wife and mother.
A)True
B)False
99
As given in "Missing Girls," abortion in India was legalized in 1971 as part of the country's attempt to
A)avoid the birth of children with birth defects.
B)control population growth.
C)allow families to choose to have sons rather than daughters.
D)bolster women's rights.
100
As quoted in "Missing Girls," Bedi, a specialist in fetal medicine I in India, says that the first demand for female feticide comes from the
A)father.
B)paternal grandmother.
C)government.
D)mother.
101
Sex-selective abortion in India is
A)demanded primarily by the urban middle class.
B)the result of the Indian government's two-child policy.
C)reduced in frequency by female education.
D)most often desired by the illiterate poor.
102
As noted in "Missing Girls," despite widespread criticism of the practice, sex-determination tests are not illegal in India.
A)True
B)False
103
Middle-class families in India have been the most averse to having daughters because of the exponential growth in dowries.
A)True
B)False
104
As listed in "Missing Girls," among the items expected as part of a dowry in India are a television, a motorcycle or car, a refrigerator, a washing machine, and quantities of gold.
A)True
B)False
105
As reported in "Rising Number of Dowry Deaths in India," many of the victims of dowry murder are killed, and the murder explained as accident or suicide, by
A)poison.
B)being doused in kerosene and set alight.
C)drowning.
D)gunshots.
106
As revealed in "Rising Number of Dowry Deaths in India," the most sought after grooms in India are doctors, chartered accountants, and
A)lawyers.
B)businessmen.
C)university professors.
D)engineers.
107
As stated in "Rising Number of Dowry Deaths in India," domestic violence was not punishable by law in India until 1983.
A)True
B)False
108
Which of the following is true for Afghan women?
A)Most are forced into marriage, even before the legal age of 16.
B)If they are found guilty of sex outside of marriage, the punishment may be stoning.
C)They must have the consent of their husbands in order to finalize a divorce.
D)All of the above are true.
109
As a female and as a prosecutor in the province of Herat in Afghanistan, Maria Bashir
A)is the only woman in the country who does not need a body guard.
B)is herself married to a man who is abusive.
C)has charged families who sold their daughters into marriage with kidnapping.
D)all of the above.
110
Most Afghan women who burn themselves will not admit it until they are near death, when no one can hurt them anymore.
A)True
B)False
111
In Jordanian society, a woman, rather than a man, is more likely to be blamed for
A)being raped.
B)being divorced .
C)bearing a child of the wrong gender.
D)all of the above.
112
Sarhan got a relatively light sentence for killing his sister because he testified that
A)it was encouraged by his male relatives.
B)he had done it in a fit of rage.
C)his father was an accomplice.
D)he expressed regret for having done it.
113
In "Murder in Amman," Sarhan justified the murder of his sister, Yasmin, by pointing out that his act was
A)in accordance with the teachings of Islam.
B)approved by and, therefore, not punishable by God.
C)carried out for the sake of his family's honor.
D)all of the above.
114
In which of the following areas of the world are women the least educated?
A)Hindu.
B)Muslim.
C)Latin American Christian.
D)Southeast Asian Buddhist.
115
Which of the following specifically banned the practice of female infanticide?
A)the Christian Bible.
B)Hindu texts.
C)Islamic law.
D)All of the above.
116
Which of the following is called for in the Koran?
A)Women cannot own property.
B)Men can have as many wives as they wish.
C)At lest in some trials, a woman's testimony counts only half as much as that of a man's.
D)A daughter can inherit as much as a son.
117
As presented in "Shamanism," the most familiar view of the shaman is as a
A)half-man/half-woman.
B)religious practitioner who has direct contact with the supernatural.
C)mighty warrior.
D)god.
118
As noted in "Shamanism," the study of shamans and shamanisms has been plagued with the
A)opposition of Christian theologians.
B)variations in shamanistic practices.
C)difficulty in creating a satisfactory standardized definition.
D)many languages required to study the field.
119
As explained in "Shamanism," shamans and shamanisms are found
A)primarily in Asia.
B)mostly in Africa.
C)only in South America and Siberia.
D)virtually throughout the entire world.
120
Which of the following is a universal feature of the shamanism?
A)A person inherits the position of shaman and is never selected.
B)Training to be a shaman is brief and is completed before reaching adulthood.
C)Shamanic practices involve direct contact with the spirits.
D)Shamans always use their power to heal others and never to harm.
121
As identified in "Shamanism," current popular and self-help movements with connections to shamanism include all of the following except:
A)elitism.
B)New Age.
C)neo-shamanism.
D)self-actualization.
122
As given in "Shamanism," shamans and shamanisms are in part the rhetorical inventions of the Western intellectual and popular cultural imaginations.
A)True
B)False
123
As pointed out in "Shamanism," Siberian and Arctic shamanism has recently evolved and is descended from New World shamanism.
A)True
B)False
124
As the Tohono O'odham (Papago) of southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico came under the influence of Catholicism, their belief that illness is caused by spirits declined.
A)True
B)False
125
As stated in "The Adaptive Value of Religious Ritual, every known culture practices some form of
A)religion.
B)ostracism.
C)economic exploitation.
D)ritual sacrifice.
126
As maintained in "The Adaptive Value of Religious Ritual," rituals promote group cohesion by
A)involving all members of the group regardless of rank.
B)requiring members to engage in behavior that is too costly to fake.
C)convincing individuals that their survival is at stake.
D)showing that the results of participation are more rewarding than nonparticipation.
127
As recalled in "The Adaptive Value of Religious Ritual," the success of the religious kibbutzim is especially remarkable given that
A)a religious kibbutz is a relatively new concept in modern society.
B)the rituals do not accept modification over time.
C)many of their rituals inhibit economic productivity.
D)nothing is based on income.
128
As surmised in "The Adaptive Value of Religious Ritual," religion has probably always served to enhance the union of its practitioners.
A)True
B)False
129
As explored in "The Adaptive Value of Religious Ritual," the more distinct a religious group was and how much the group's lifestyle differed from mainstream America, the lower its attendance rates at religious services.
A)True
B)False
130
As noted in "Understanding Islam," within its mainstream traditions, Islam teaches all of the following except
A)piety.
B)jihad.
C)virtue.
D)tolerance.
131
As given in "Understanding Islam," Islam is the world's
A)largest religion.
B)smallest major religion.
C)second-largest religion.
D)most liberal religion.
132
The face-veil controversy described at length in "Understanding Islam," took place in
A)France.
B)the United States.
C)Germany.
D)Great Britain.
133
As asserted in "Understanding Islam," radical Islamist views are
A)attracting a growing number of young Muslims in the Islamic world and in Europe.
B)outlawed in most Middle East countries.
C)promoted primarily by older Muslims.
D)generally confined to Muslim universities.
134
As described in "Understanding Islam," Islam views religion and politics as inseparable.
A)True
B)False
135
As noted in "The Secrets of Haiti's Living Dead," voodoo is used to
A)rule by intimidation and fear.
B)prevent religious conversion to Christianity.
C)solve complex social problems.
D)regulate social behavior.
136
In "The Secrets of Haiti's Living Dead," voodoo is described as
A)a sophisticated religion with African roots.
B)superstition.
C)folklore.
D)a complex religious code developed by and specific to Haitians.
137
Wade Davis found that
A)he couldn't even come close to finding a so-called zombie potion.
B)zombies are a figment of Haitian imagination.
C)making zombie potion is an inexact science, though the active agents are always the same.
D)he couldn't break into vodoun society.
138
There has never been a documented case of a person declared dead returning to life, according to "The Secrets of Haiti's Living Dead."
A)True
B)False
139
According to "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema," the Nacirema people
A)enjoy suffering.
B)are dominated by their religious leaders.
C)are inordinately preoccupied with their bodies.
D)have a natural bent to self-mortification.
140
According to Nacirema mythology, there are rituals of the shrine room that help to
A)draw friends.
B)improve the moral fiber of children.
C)prevent their teeth from falling out.
D)do all of the above.
141
In "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema," all of the following characteristics are attributed to the culture's ceremonial treatment of the human body except
A)a belief that the human body is ugly.
B)rituals that are free or inexpensive and provided for all regardless of wealth.
C)rituals that are private and secret.
D)continued faith and participation in these rituals even though they are frequently not effective.
142
A fundamental belief of the Nacirema, as described in "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema," is that the body has a natural tendency toward disease.
A)True
B)False
143
As stated in "Baseball Magic," the practice of magic by baseball players:
A)is a sign of mental instability.
B)is an affectation.
C)has no affect on the practitioners.
D)creates feelings of confidence and control.
144
According to George Gmelch ("Baseball Magic"), magic is
A)rational in that it creates in the practitioner a sense of confidence, competence and control.
B)irrational in that there is no direct causal connection between the instruments of magic and the desired consequences of the magical practice.
C)just as common in technologically advanced societies as it is in simple societies.
D)all of the above.
145
The most common way in which baseball players try to reduce the risks and uncertainties of a game is to
A)perform their rituals on the field before a crowd.
B)follow a daily routine.
C)avoid the number 13.
D)all of the above.
146
As noted in "Baseball Magic," the most common form of baseball magic is
A)personal ritual.
B)fetish possession.
C)avoiding taboos.
D)eating chicken on game day.
147
George Gmelch has found magic to be just as common in technologically advanced societies as it is in simple societies.
A)True
B)False
148
As reported in "Baseball Magic," a ritual may become so important to a player that it will override practicality.
A)True
B)False
149
According to "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?" the hunger problem in the world today is due to
A)overpopulation.
B)ongoing historical processes.
C)poor use of land resources.
D)communism.
150
Prior to European intervention, African farmers had
A)a diversified cultivation system.
B)single cash crop production.
C)marketing boards to protect their rights.
D)all of the above.
151
The colonial suppression of native agricultural development in many parts of the world has resulted in
A)the replacement of food crops with cash crops.
B)the best agricultural land being used for export crops.
C)a dependence upon imported food.
D)all of the above.
152
Colonial power turned native peoples from growing food for themselves to the production of cash crops by which of the following methods?
A)Physical force.
B)Direct takeover of native land.
C)Taxation.
D)All of the above.
153
The authors of "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?" argue that the only way to approach a solution to world hunger is to
A)concentrate on developing underdeveloped countries.
B)concentrate on changing the system that continues to undermine native self-sufficiency.
C)identify the conspiratorial nature of the colonial system.
D)export surplus agricultural products from the United States to countries in need.
154
According to "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?" the "problem" of world hunger is a myth.
A)True
B)False
155
Colonialists have had at times the goal of keeping peasants from producing food for themselves.
A)True
B)False
156
According to "The Arrow of Disease," after the arrival of Europeans in the New World, the Indian population was reduced by 95 percent by
A)diseases contracted from animals.
B)intertribal warfare.
C)diseases brought by Europeans.
D)conflicts with the Europeans over Indian land.
157
As explained in "The Arrow of Disease," the Spanish victories over the native American peoples was due to
A)superior military tactics.
B)the effect of smallpox on the pre-Columbian populations.
C)numerical advantage being held by the Spanish army in several decisive battles.
D)the spread of syphilis among the Native Americans.
158
While microbes that cause crowd diseases tend to be restricted to humans, they have jumped to humans from
A)herd animals.
B)non-herd animals.
C)the soil.
D)all of the above.
159
Crowd diseases are associated with
A)irrigation agriculture.
B)Rodents.
C)the development of world trade routes.
D)all of the above.
160
According to Jared Diamond, crowd diseases are the oldest diseases known to humanity.
A)True
B)False
161
When Columbus arrived in the New World, North America was a largely empty continent with less than one million Indians.
A)True
B)False
162
Which of the following is true regarding the symptoms of mental illness?
A)They vary across cultures as well as time.
B)Those who minister to the mentally ill—-doctors or shamans or priests—-inadvertently help to select which symptoms will be recognized as legitimate.
C)We in the West have been exporting our "symptom repertoire" to other people.
D)All of the above are true.
163
As discussed in "The Americanization of Mental Illness," Dr. Sing Lee, a psychiatrist and researcher in Hong Kong, watched the Westernization of one illness in particular, which appeared to replace a culturally specific form of the disease; the disease was
A)schizophrenia.
B)clinical depression.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)anorexia nervosa.
164
As noted in "The Americanization of Mental Illness," illnesses such as koro, amok, and zar are found in the DSM under the heading
A)psychiatric exotica.
B)culture-bound syndromes.
C)non-Western diagnoses.
D)ephemera.
165
The scientific standing of our drugs, our illness categories and our theories of mind have put the field of mental health beyond the influence of endlessly shifting cultural trends and beliefs.
A)True
B)False
166
As related in "The Americanization of Mental Illness," endorsing biological factors as the cause of schizophrenia was associated with greater social acceptance and a lessening of the need for distance among those surveyed.
A)True
B)False
167
The idea that our Western conception of mental health and illness might be shaping the expression of illnesses in other cultures is rarely discussed in the professional literature.
A)True
B)False
168
Conclusions about economic progress and its effect on tribal peoples reported in "The Price of Progress" include that:
A)modern medicine has ameliorated health problems caused by dietary changes.
B)increases in tribal warfare are caused by economic competition.
C)environmental deterioration tends to accompany progress.
D)improved standards of living result from progress.
169
As reported in "The Price of Progress," the correlation between dental health and economic progress seems to be that:
A)undisturbed tribal populations tend to lose their teeth while young.
B)dental caries are especially prominent among Eskimos eating traditional foods.
C)modernization is accompanied by declines in dental health.
D)introduction of new foods strengthens teeth.
170
As stated in "The Price of Progress," malnutrition has been linked clinically with mental retardation in both Africa and Latin America.
A)True
B)False
171
According to Wade Davis ("Last of Their Kind"), the key indicator of the decline of cultural diversity in the world is
A)language loss
B)the number of television sets being sold
C)the rise in the literacy rate
D)the amount of increase in world trade
172
According to Wade Davis,
A)if left alone, cultures will fade away on their own
B)there is optimism in the notion that humans are the agents of cultural decline; it means that we can foster survival
C)the only way to save a culture is to freeze it in time and force it to remain static
D)all of the above are true
173
According to Wade Davis, changes in technology are the primary threat to cultural diversity.
A)True
B)False
174
As a result of large-scale agriculture in the Cerrado, the Xavante
A)have come to suffer from hunger and disease.
B)have prospered economically because of job growth.
C)have been able to live as they always have even though they had to move to new lands.
D)are worse off than other Brazilian groups because what land they do not live on a legally protected reserve.
175
As listed in "The Tractor Invasion," in addition to sugarcane and eucalyptus wood, the main crop grown by agribusiness in the Cerrado is
A)tobacco.
B)rice.
C)corn.
D)soybeans.
176
The prevailing attitude in the Cerrado region of central Brazil is anti-development and anti-agribusiness.
A)True
B)False
177
The 17th century expeditions of the Brazilian "pathfinders" were primarily for the purpose of
A)finding gold.
B)slave raiding.
C)settling the land.
D)scientific exploration.
178
As cited in "What Native Peoples Deserve," the Figueiredo Report included the judgment that the tortures suffered by Brazil's Indians:
A)have been too poorly documented to substantiate.
B)were minor compared to those suffered by the Portuguese settlers in the sixteenth century.
C)have been highly exaggerated by the media.
D)are similar in horror to those of such Nazi camps as Treblinka and Dachau.
179
As stated in "What Native Peoples Deserve," the Indians of Brazil:
A)were granted full citizenship in 1974.
B)are the only people allowed to mine the lands they occupy.
C)are governed by their own constitution.
D)have the status not of citizens, but of a protected species.
180
As pointed out in "What Native Peoples Deserve," the primary cause of the recent violence in Roosevelt Indian Reservation is the greed for gold.
A)True
B)False
181
In the view of the author of "Being Indigenous in the 21st Century," indigenous people everywhere are connected both by their values and by their:
A)blood.
B)traditions.
C)oppression.
D)lands.
182
As reported in "Being Indigenous in the 21st Century," after 30 years of advocacy by indigenous peoples, in 2008:
A)the U.S. government made reparation payments for land taken from Native Americans.
B)Native American contributions during World War II were recognized with Medals of Honor.
C)tribal treaties from the nineteenth century were recognized by the U.S. government.
D)the United Nations passed a declaration supporting their distinct human rights.
183
According to "Being Indigenous in the 21st Century," the Cherokee people of Oklahoma started some of the first schools west of the Mississippi.
A)True
B)False
184
The last time the world experienced a significant population decline was after
A)the Black Death of the 14th century
B)Thomas Malthus wrote his essay on how populations tend to grow faster than food supply
C)Paul Ehrlich wrote The Population Bomb
D)The fertility decline began in Europe and China
185
Which of the following is not a phase of the demographic transition?
A)A high birth rate matches a high death rate
B)Improved living conditions cause the death rate to drop, but the birth rate remains high
C)The birth rate declines as women gain access to education and engage in family planning
D)The population stabilizes as births and deaths come into balance
186
The problem of high fertility rates today is mostly in
A)the United States
B)Europe
C)Africa
D)China
187
When child mortality declines, couples eventually have fewer children—but that transition usually takes a generation at the very least.
A)True
B)False





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