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| 1 | |
According to "American Criminal Justice Philosophy," for decades, criminologists have: |
| | A) | emphasized the need for harsher sentences. |
| | B) | held that plea bargaining weakens law enforcement. |
| | C) | advocated proactive and preventive programming. |
| | D) | believed that the number of adult criminals will decrease if juvenile criminals are given harsher sentences. |
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| 2 | |
As cited in "Prisoners in 1998," an examination of the inmate population during the 1990-1998 period shows that the total number of prisoners: |
| | A) | fell at both federal and state levels. |
| | B) | fell at the federal level but rose at the state level. |
| | C) | rose at the federal level but fell at the state level. |
| | D) | rose at both the federal and state levels. |
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| 3 | |
In the statistics reported in "Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers," it is evident that: |
| | A) | men are as likely as women to be abused. |
| | B) | there is no correlation between abuse and alcohol and/or drug abuse. |
| | C) | women are much more likely than men to suffer abuse. |
| | D) | children raised by their birth parents are just as likely to be abused as foster-care children. |
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| 4 | |
According to "Drug Use History and Criminal Behavior among 133 Incarcerated Men," the primary focus of the study was to: |
| | A) | determine whether the inmates had suffered abuse as children. |
| | B) | profile their families. |
| | C) | judge whether substance abuse played a role in the crime that had led to their incarceration. |
| | D) | find out which illicit substances were most used. |
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| 5 | |
The author of "Drugs, Crime, Prison, and Treatment," in assessing the relationship between drug use and crime, argues that: |
| | A) | there is too much emphasis on substance abuse in prison rehabilitation programs. |
| | B) | more and better drug treatment programs are needed within the criminal justice system. |
| | C) | there should be tougher prison sentences for offenders who commit crimes under the influence of drugs. |
| | D) | more research is needed to determine whether most crimes result from the effects of drugs or from the fact that drugs are illegal. |
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| 6 | |
As reported in "The Forgotten Offender," since 1970 the rate of growth in female imprisonment has: |
| | A) | been far lower than that of men. |
| | B) | been slightly lower than that of men. |
| | C) | kept pace with that of men. |
| | D) | been substantially higher than that of men. |
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| 7 | |
As claimed in "Coping with Incarceration--From the Other Side of the Bars," the effect on families of having a family member in prison: |
| | A) | brings with it a scarlet letter of shame. |
| | B) | is best ignored. |
| | C) | is an adjustment, but one made quickly. |
| | D) | is no more difficult than other separations. |
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| 8 | |
The most important factor in increasing the American prison population, as portrayed in "Behind Bars: We've Built the Largest Prison System in the World," has been the: |
| | A) | flood of illegal immigrants into the United States. |
| | B) | growing violence throughout American society. |
| | C) | loss of "family values." |
| | D) | combined effect of a number of anti-crime policies. |
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| 9 | |
In the United States, as presented in "Behind Bars: Substance Abuse and America's Prison Population," crime is closely tied to: |
| | A) | discrimination. |
| | B) | broken families. |
| | C) | substance abuse. |
| | D) | poverty. |
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| 10 | |
As explained in "Inside the New Alcatraz," prison rights activists object to the DX facility because they believe that: |
| | A) | rehabilitation programs should be offered. |
| | B) | the prison should be more inviting to visitors. |
| | C) | it is a form of cruel and unusual punishment, prohibited by the Constitution. |
| | D) | the prisoners should be allowed to have conjugal visits. |
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| 11 | |
The defining characteristic of a correctional officer's job, as presented in "Life on the Inside: The Jailers," is: |
| | A) | fear. |
| | B) | violence. |
| | C) | uncertainty. |
| | D) | hope. |
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| 12 | |
According to "Prison Crime in New York State," the main categories of crimes in New York prisons include all of the following except: |
| | A) | inmate-on-inmate assaults. |
| | B) | assaults on staff. |
| | C) | extortion. |
| | D) | possession of prison contraband. |
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| 13 | |
Changes in attitudes concerning the abuses women frequently suffer in prison, as described in "Stopping Abuse in Prison," have come about as a result of all the following factors except: |
| | A) | attention from human rights groups. |
| | B) | an increase in prison violence as women retaliate against their attackers. |
| | C) | recent lawsuits filed by female prisoners. |
| | D) | changes in government policies. |
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| 14 | |
The women prisoners interviewed in "A Day in the Life" have found they can best survive prison life by: |
| | A) | keeping a weapon to protect themselves. |
| | B) | staying away from inmate protests. |
| | C) | counting the days until they will be released. |
| | D) | relying on themselves and their own inner resources. |
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| 15 | |
According to "The Gangs behind Bars," gangs in prison can best be described as: |
| | A) | dormant. |
| | B) | controlled completely by street gangs. |
| | C) | flourishing. |
| | D) | in control of the prisons. |
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| 16 | |
As characterized in "The Effects of the Duran Consent Decree," the decree's objective was to: |
| | A) | bring brutal prison guards to justice. |
| | B) | have new prisons built. |
| | C) | improve prison operations. |
| | D) | force New Mexico to reduce prison sentences. |
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| 17 | |
As related in "The Constitution and the Federal District Judge," as states have provided more public services, the courts have had to determine whether these services: |
| | A) | meet basic constitutional requirements. |
| | B) | are a federal or state duty. |
| | C) | are a civilian or military responsibility. |
| | D) | cost too much. |
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| 18 | |
According to "Like Mother, Like Daughter: Why More Young Women Follow Their Moms into Lives of Crime," when a mother is in prison, the ties between mother and daughter are: |
| | A) | weakened beyond repair. |
| | B) | still exceptionally strong. |
| | C) | not as strong as between a mother and her son. |
| | D) | superficial. |
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| 19 | |
As detailed in "Percentage of Women on Probation and Parole Rising," of all adults on probation, the percentage of women on probation is about: |
| | A) | 8 percent. |
| | B) | 20 percent. |
| | C) | 35 percent. |
| | D) | 50 percent. |
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| 20 | |
As explained by the authors of "Addressing the Needs of Elderly Offenders," the prison environment for elderly inmates: |
| | A) | can be the same as for the general prison population. |
| | B) | should emphasize escape prevention. |
| | C) | should recognize that these inmates are no threat to society. |
| | D) | should be comfortable, to help them adjust to prison life. |
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| 21 | |
According to "Elder Care: Louisiana Initiates Program to Meet Needs of Aging Inmate Population," the state's approach to its again prison population has been to: |
| | A) | deny that any special programs for the elderly are needed. |
| | B) | begin the bare minimum of programs for elderly prisoners. |
| | C) | institute a number of proactive health-care measures for elderly prisoners. |
| | D) | release elderly prisoners so the correctional system will not have to care for them. |
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| 22 | |
In the opinion of the author of "Chaser: A Medication Addict," prescription drugs in American prisons: |
| | A) | should be banned. |
| | B) | are used with great discretion. |
| | C) | are vastly overused as a prisoner-control measure. |
| | D) | are less of a problem than liberals think. |
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| 23 | |
The statistics presented in "Mental Health and Treatment of Inmates and Probationers" demonstrate that the percentage of mentally ill prisoners and probationers is: |
| | A) | lower than in foreign prisons. |
| | B) | lower than that of the general population. |
| | C) | about the same as that of the general population. |
| | D) | substantially higher than that of the general population. |
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| 24 | |
As detailed in "Juveniles in Federal Prison," the Bureau of Prisons juvenile system consists of institutions: |
| | A) | under contract with the federal government. |
| | B) | in each state. |
| | C) | administered solely by private contractors. |
| | D) | that are really prison farms. |
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| 25 | |
As noted in "Re-Forming Juvenile Justice: The New Zealand Experiment," one effect of the New Zealand experiment has been: |
| | A) | to successfully divert the majority of young offenders from criminal courts. |
| | B) | a significant expansion of juvenile criminal court appearances. |
| | C) | the humiliation of victims during family group conferences. |
| | D) | the collapse of youth gangs. |
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| 26 | |
As detailed in "A House without a Blueprint," the death penalty sentence for murderer Gary Burris was flawed because: |
| | A) | he was under the age of 18 at the time of the crime. |
| | B) | evidence about his childhood that might have persuaded jurors to spare his life was not presented. |
| | C) | the police threatened him before he confessed the murder. |
| | D) | of double-jeopardy considerations. |
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| 27 | |
According to "Facts and Figures: A Costly Matter of Life or Death," a number of states that have the death penalty are taking a closer look at: |
| | A) | the role of organized death-penalty opponents. |
| | B) | activities of death-penalty supporters. |
| | C) | the financial toll that capital punishment takes on taxpayers. |
| | D) | new methods of execution. |
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| 28 | |
As described in "Stolen Lives: Men and Women Wrongfully Sentenced to Death Row," people were released from death row because: |
| | A) | their judges had given juries incorrect information regarding the death penalty. |
| | B) | of probable innocence. |
| | C) | DNA testing proved their innocence. |
| | D) | of altered evidence and prosecutorial misconduct at their trials. |
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| 29 | |
As shown in "Death Row Justice Derailed," the faults in the Illinois system include all of the following except: |
| | A) | use of unreliable jailhouse informants. |
| | B) | defendant representation by attorneys who had been disbarred or suspended. |
| | C) | exclusion of minorities from juries considering the fate of minority defendants. |
| | D) | an unwillingness to charge defendants with capital crimes. |
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| 30 | |
As related in "The Death Penalty Brings Justice and Death at Midnight... Hope at Sunrise," when New York's Governor George Pataki signed legislation reinstating the death penalty: |
| | A) | New York State had no one on death row. |
| | B) | New York State immediately began executing death-row prisoners. |
| | C) | he fulfilled a campaign promise. |
| | D) | he did so over the objections of the state legislature. |
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| 31 | |
As outlined in "Correctional Treatment: Some Recommendations for Effective Intervention," the authors respond to the charge that "almost nothing works" in treatment programs by maintaining that: |
| | A) | intensive research is needed to evaluate the treatment situation. |
| | B) | unfortunately, almost no existing programs are effective. |
| | C) | there are many programs that do work. |
| | D) | the situation is even worse--many programs interfere with good treatment. |
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| 32 | |
According to "Habilitation, Not Rehabilitation," Judge Burton Roberts believes that mandatory sentences: |
| | A) | should apply to more crimes. |
| | B) | adequately address the severity of the crimes for which they are applied. |
| | C) | reflect misguided ideas about justice. |
| | D) | are effective deterrents to crime. |
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| 33 | |
Intermediate sanctions, as explained in "A Decade of Experimenting with Intermediate Sanctions," were intended to: |
| | A) | provide additional surveillance of criminals considered too dangerous for regular probation. |
| | B) | allow criminals time off for good behavior. |
| | C) | provide additional support services for paroled offenders. |
| | D) | provide a mid-range sentencing option for some offenses. |
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| 34 | |
The author of "Eliminating Parole Boards Isn't a Cure-all, Experts Say" believes eliminating parole boards can cause all of the following problems except: |
| | A) | reducing the time served by serious offenders. |
| | B) | overcrowding in prisons. |
| | C) | making an inmate's release automatic. |
| | D) | increasing crime. |
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| 35 | |
One of the most difficult challenges facing former prison inmates upon their release, as described in "Job Placement for Offenders," is: |
| | A) | meeting non-criminal friends. |
| | B) | finding adequate housing. |
| | C) | resisting the temptation to make money through criminal activity. |
| | D) | finding permanent employment. |
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| 36 | |
As stated in "Young Probation/Parole Officer Toughens with Experience," the young agent found that her home-detention clients: |
| | A) | always told her the truth. |
| | B) | lied only when the truth would send them back to prison. |
| | C) | sometimes tried to get the best of her. |
| | D) | always lied to her. |
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| 37 | |
As stated in "New Bedlam: Jails--Not Psychiatric Hospitals--Now Care for the Indigent Mentally Ill," rising jail-incarceration rates have meant that: |
| | A) | only people with slight mental disorders can be accommodated in jails. |
| | B) | more people with severe mental disorders are serving time in jails. |
| | C) | jails have to isolate the mentally ill from the general jail population. |
| | D) | jails refuse to take any mentally ill people. |
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| 38 | |
As related in "A Get-Tough Policy That Failed," most mandatory-minimum sentences were designed as: |
| | A) | weapons in the drug war. |
| | B) | a way to disrupt organized crime. |
| | C) | tools to discourage white-collar crime. |
| | D) | a deterrent to violent crime. |
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| 39 | |
As stated in "The Deterrent Effect of Three Strikes Law," three-strike laws are often seen as: |
| | A) | the answer to crime problems in America. |
| | B) | only one item in an arsenal of deterrent laws and programs. |
| | C) | less important as a deterrent than group therapy. |
| | D) | unnecessary by most people. |
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| 40 | |
As related in "`Lock 'em Up and Throw Away the Key': A Policy That Won't Work," opponents of new prison construction are generally seen as: |
| | A) | misguided liberals. |
| | B) | being "soft on crime." |
| | C) | responsible fiscal conservatives. |
| | D) | uninformed. |
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| 41 | |
According to "Education as Crime Prevention," the current drive to incarcerate, punish, and limit the activities of prisoners has resulted in the: |
| | A) | reduction of offender recidivism. |
| | B) | decrease in the crime rate. |
| | C) | elimination of programs that seek to prevent or reduce crime. |
| | D) | development of educational programs in correctional facilities. |
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| 42 | |
As stated in "Probation Department in Michigan Finds Volunteers Make Fine Officers," having volunteer probation officers: |
| | A) | requires a major effort by professional staff, so in the end the volunteer program does not really save money. |
| | B) | puts some professional staff at risk for lawsuits. |
| | C) | is an effective way to enhance a probation department. |
| | D) | has damaged police relations with community-service programs. |
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| 43 | |
According to "Correctional Privatization: Defining the Issues and Searching for Answers," the most common areas of partial privatization in corrections services include all of the following except: |
| | A) | food services. |
| | B) | security services. |
| | C) | health care. |
| | D) | education. |
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| 44 | |
The proponent of chain gangs in "Chain Gangs Are Right for Florida and Chain Gangs Are Cruel and Unusual Punishment," supports their use because of Florida's: |
| | A) | need to attract more tourists. |
| | B) | reputation of having tough prisons. |
| | C) | highest-in-the-nation rate of violent crime. |
| | D) | budgetary crisis. |
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| 45 | |
As set out in "Restorative Justice: The Concept," central to the concept of restorative justice is that: |
| | A) | monetary restitution be made to victims. |
| | B) | victims' needs and rights are central to the justice process. |
| | C) | offenders be punished by incarceration. |
| | D) | it not be applied to juvenile offenders. |
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| 46 | |
As presented in "Rough Justice in the Youth Courts," reform of youth-court practices was hampered by a potential political turf war between: |
| | A) | the Labour and Conservative parties. |
| | B) | the Home Secretary and the Lord Chancellor. |
| | C) | the police and the courts. |
| | D) | prosecutors and defense attorneys. |
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| 47 | |
As stated in "HIV/AIDS Education and Prevention Programs for Adults in Prisons and Jails and Juveniles in Confinement Facilities," the surveys conducted show that: |
| | A) | inmates have no interest in education and prevention efforts. |
| | B) | there is a need to increase HIV/AIDS education and prevention efforts. |
| | C) | HIV/AIDS education and prevention efforts are currently satisfactory. |
| | D) | there are already too many HIV/AIDS education and prevention efforts. |
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| 48 | |
According to "It's Time to Open the Doors of Our Prisons," the best candidates to be released to relieve overcrowding in correctional facilities are: |
| | A) | prisoners under 25. |
| | B) | prisoners over 50. |
| | C) | those with less than a year to serve. |
| | D) | nonviolent first-time offenders. |
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