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Practice Quiz
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1
The U.S. criminal justice system, according to "What Is the Sequence of Events in the Criminal Justice System?" is founded on the concept that:
A)a crime victim is entitled to retribution from the accused.
B)individuals are innocent until proven guilty.
C)crimes against an individual are crimes against the State.
D)law enforcement officers can arrest an individual they suspect committed a crime.
2
According to "What Is the Sequence of Events in the Criminal Justice System?" if a prosecutor charges a suspect with a serious crime, the suspect:
A)immediately goes before a grand jury.
B)must be taken before a judge or magistrate without unnecessary delay for an initial appearance.
C)will be taken into pretrial detention.
D)will have a preliminary hearing to determine probable cause.
3
U.S. criminal cases, as presented in "What Is the Sequence of Events in the Criminal Justice System?" are all handled in a similar manner regardless of the jurisdiction.
A)True
B)False
4
According to "Fire Away," gun violence in the United States is:
A)decreasing in the wake of new gun-control legislation signed by President Obama.
B)modest when compared to that of other wealthy nations.
C)the worst by far among wealthy nations.
D)rising as a backlash response to increasingly strict gun-control measures.
5
As presented in "Fire Away," Arizona is considered at the forefront of the U.S. gun-rights movement after recently passing a law that allows citizens to:
A)carry guns while drinking in bars.
B)carry concealed weapons without a permit.
C)bring guns onto buses, trains, and other public transportation.
D)bring guns into high schools and community colleges.
6
As reported in "Fire Away," the majority of gun deaths in the United States are a result of citizens defending themselves against intruders or attackers.
A)True
B)False
7
According to "The Drug War Hits Central America," drug-mafia activity is escalating in Central America as a result of:
A)the U.S. Coast Guard's shutdown of the Caribbean cocaine route.
B)Mexico's indifference to drug cartels operating in its country.
C)U.S. support of corrupt Central American governments.
D)Mexico's crackdown on drug trade within its borders.
8
As presented in "The Drug War Hits Central America," the Central American nations considered among the most violent places on Earth include all of the following except:
A)Guatemala.
B)El Salvador.
C)Costa Rica.
D)Honduras.
9
As stated in "The Drug War Hits Central America," U.S. citizens are too far removed from the Central American crisis to experiences any consequences as a result of the violence.
A)True
B)False
10
According to "Perverted Justice," a major problem with regard to current sex-offender laws is that they:
A)are too lenient, letting many dangerous perpetrators walk free.
B)focus on family members, rather than hardened sex criminals.
C)reflect a "blame the victim" mentality.
D)fail to distinguish between dangerous predators and nonviolent lawbreakers.
11
As presented in "Perverted Justice," more than 90 percent of sexually abused minors are assaulted by:
A)relatives and acquaintances.
B)strangers.
C)previously convicted sex offenders.
D)career criminals.
12
As noted in "Perverted Justice," the records of juvenile sex offenders are typically sealed and do not follow the offenders into adulthood.
A)True
B)False
13
As reported in "The Death of the War on Drugs," dominant crime-control policies are driven by a:
A)concern for the economic effects of crime.
B)retributive view of punishment.
C)desire to rehabilitate offenders.
D)sense of helplessness.
14
As noted in "The Death of the War on Drugs," the author is ashamed that:
A)so many Americans abuse drugs.
B)there are so few effective drug rehabilitation programs.
C)nothing has been done to reduce the supply of drugs.
D)there are so many Americans incarcerated.
15
As observed in "The Death of the War on Drugs," people who violate minor drug laws have a right to comprehensive services to fix the cause of their illegal conduct.
A)True
B)False
16
As shown in "The Guilt Market," the use of criminal informants is most common in:
A)armed robbery.
B)homicides.
C)drug enforcement.
D)white-collar crimes.
17
As noted in "Universal Policing: Counterterrorism Lessons from Northern Ireland," the centuries-old feud in Northern Ireland between members of the Catholic and Protestant communities is most recently known as The:
A)Travail.
B)Troubles.
C)Turmoil.
D)Torments.
18
As explained in "Universal Policing: Counterterrorism Lessons from Northern Ireland," one of the main reasons the conflict occurred in Northern Ireland involved the Catholic community's perception of the police as:
A)invisible.
B)demonic.
C)illegitimate.
D)barbaric.
19
As clarified in "Universal Policing: Counterterrorism Lessons from Northern Ireland," for hundreds of years, the Irish Protestants felt marginalized due to the closeness between the Catholics and the British government.
A)True
B)False
20
As noted in "Telling the Truth About Damned Lies and Statistics, as used in Chronicle of Higher Education, May 4, 2001. Excerpted from Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists, (University of California Press, 2001)," as a practical matter, it is virtually impossible for citizens in a contemporary society to:
A)understand complicated analyses.
B)avoid statistics about social problems.
C)create new statistical methods.
D)work on statistical ratios without a sound database.
21
As presented in "Telling the Truth About Damned Lies and Statistics, as used in Chronicle of Higher Education, May 4, 2001. Excerpted from Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists, (University of California Press, 2001)," becoming critical about statistics requires:
A)advanced mathematical concepts.
B)limited verbal insight.
C)being prepared to ask questions about numbers.
D)advanced technical skills.
22
As explained in "Telling the Truth About Damned Lies and Statistics, as used in Chronicle of Higher Education, May 4, 2001. Excerpted from Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists, (University of California Press, 2001)," thinking critically about statistics requires an understanding of human nature.
A)True
B)False
23
As noted in "The Face of Domestic Violence," Amanda White's attraction to Dietrich White began when she had a crush on him:
A)from the first day he moved next door in 1997.
B)during her freshman year in college.
C)when they worked together at a local diner.
D)in junior high school.
24
As related in "The Face of Domestic Violence," the turning point for the repeatedly abused Amanda White was the:
A)moment her husband broke her arm.
B)threat of losing her children.
C)day she nearly drowned at the hands of her husband.
D)first time she saw a photograph of her battered face.
25
As evident from the account in "The Face of Domestic Violence," Dietrich White's violent outbursts were never associated with his drinking.
A)True
B)False
26
As defined in "Death by Gender," the murder and mutilation of victims selected by sex is known as:
A)fraternal destiny.
B)sexual selection.
C)gendercide.
D)gender atrocity.
27
As set forth in "Death by Gender," for this article, the author has chosen to focus on honor killing because it is so:
A)well documented.
B)painfully personal.
C)vile an act.
D)intriguing.
28
According to "Death by Gender," the practice of honor killing is rarely condemned by the educated and sophisticated members of the societies in which the killings occur—or by the social activists or leaders of the "free world."
A)True
B)False
29
The two pioneering studies of bruising in the elderly profiled in "Elder Abuse Emerges from the Shadows of Public Consciousness," were sponsored by the:
A)National Institutes of Health.
B)National Institute of Justice.
C)American Association of Retired Persons.
D)Blue Cross Blue Shield Association.
30
As identified in "Elder Abuse Emerges from the Shadows of Public Consciousness," Aileen Wigglesworth is a:
A)geriatric physician.
B)a 90-something case study, repeatedly abused by her grandson.
C)detective experienced in elder-abuse investigation.
D)a gerontologist and elder-abuse researcher.
31
As noted in "Elder Abuse Emerges from the Shadows of Public Consciousness," it has been observed that "normal bruises" are typically larger than "abusive bruises."
A)True
B)False
32
As stated in "Options for Reporting Sexual Violence: Developments over the Past Decade," VAWA 2005 emphasizes all of the following, except:
A)healthcare.
B)reporting to law enforcement.
C)evidence collection.
D)no-charge forensic examinations.
33
As specified in "Options for Reporting Sexual Violence: Developments over the Past Decade," in the U.S. military, the type of sexual-violence reporting in which the service providers will not inform law enforcement unless the victim consents or an established exception is exercised under DoD Directive 6495.01 is designated as:
A)anonymous.
B)restricted.
C)unrestricted.
D)confidential.
34
According to "Options for Reporting Sexual Violence: Developments over the Past Decade," states that do not comply with the VAWA 2005 requirement regarding forensic examinations will not be eligible to receive STOP Violence Against Women Formula Grant Program funds.
A)True
B)False
35
According to "Forensic Interviewing Aids: Do Props Help Children Answer Questions about Touching?", the goal of helping children provide accurate, detailed reports of possible sex abuse has been hampered by all of the following except:
A)motivational factors.
B)memory phenomena.
C)interviewing skills.
D)linguistic issues.
36
As reported in "Forensic Interviewing Aids: Do Props Help Children Answer Questions about Touching?", research has shown that the use of dolls during sex-abuse interviews with very young children resulted in:
A)the collection of more accurate and detailed information from interview participants.
B)an increase in false reports of genital and anal touching by interview participants.
C)less distraction and more focus for interview participants.
D)a better understanding of body parts for interview participants.
37
As noted in "Forensic Interviewing Aids: Do Props Help Children Answer Questions about Touching?", research has shown that children's interactions with dolls are highly representative of their own sexual abuse.
A)True
B)False
38
According to "Human Sex Trafficking," human sex trafficking is most akin to:
A)slavery.
B)prostitution.
C)pornography.
D)consensual sex acts.
39
As reported in "Human Sex Trafficking," the majority of victims of human sex trafficking are youth who:
A)have been forcibly abducted from their home and family.
B)are runaways or have been rejected by their family and who live on the street.
C)are pressured by parents to make money through prostitution.
D)have been sold to traffickers by parents needing money.
40
As noted in "Human Sex Trafficking," human sex trafficking in the United States almost always involves victims who have been brought to America from other countries.
A)True
B)False
41
As claimed in "The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008," one of the "best kept secrets of modern life" with regard to U.S. law enforcement in the late twentieth century was that:
A)expanding the police force results in a reduction in crime.
B)routine investigations are the cornerstone of crime prevention.
C)police do not prevent crime.
D)rapid response leads to real results.
42
As defined in "The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008," a "community policing" model involves:
A)carrying out mass arrests of neighborhood troublemakers.
B)working in tandem with community members to problem-solve and prevent crime.
C)encouraging community members to join the police force.
D)randomized motor patrols throughout a particular community.
43
As noted in "The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008," police are able to reduce crime when they focus on "hot spots," or those locations accounting for a high volume of repeat calls for police service.
A)True
B)False
44
According to "Understanding the Psychology of Police Misconduct," the law-enforcement profession can be ripe for unethical conduct by its members because:
A)police officers are usually not adequately screened prior to being hired.
B)the profession is attractive to those wishing to commit crimes.
C)police officers experience legal freedoms unavailable to the general public.
D)there are no systems in place for punishing corrupt officers.
45
As explained in "Understanding the Psychology of Police Misconduct," the phenomenon of cognitive dissonance generally results in the need for police officers to:
A)justify their conduct.
B)change their behavior.
C)act unethically.
D)report unethical peers and superiors.
46
As claimed in "Understanding the Psychology of Police Misconduct," almost all police officers who are caught engaging in immoral or unethical behavior have bad track records of service prior to their misconduct.
A)True
B)False
47
The growing acceptance of racist law-enforcement practices, as pointed out in "Racial Profiling and Its Apologists," has been based on all of the following except:
A)expert testimony from academic researchers.
B)slippery logic.
C)deceptive use of crime statistics.
D)a general disregard for the individuals affected by these practices.
48
Higher crime rates among African Americans, as stated in "Racial Profiling and Its Apologists," are most properly attributed to:
A)fewer educational opportunities.
B)anger over racial injustices.
C)adverse economic conditions.
D)self-reinforcing cycles of violence.
49
In simple numerical terms, as cited in "Racial Profiling and Its Apologists," whites commit three times more violent crimes each year than blacks.
A)True
B)False
50
According to "The Art of the Police Report," one constant in any police officer's daily life is:
A)writing.
B)making an arrest.
C)going to court.
D)responding to the scene of a crime.
51
As defined in "The Art of the Police Report," an incident report is a:
A)story reflecting a responding officer's impressions and feelings about an incident.
B)report generated by superiors when an officer commits a crime or acts unethically.
C)factual narrative account of a crime.
D)report written by the court when a criminal is convicted.
52
As noted in "The Art of the Police Report," the more emotionally charged the incident report, the more likely it is that the subject of the report will be convicted in court.
A)True
B)False
53
As maintained in "Police Investigations of the Use of Deadly Force Can Influence Perceptions and Outcomes," police officers are taught how to reconstruct a crime, find the facts, and gather evidence to prosecute the offenders, and historically they have done this:
A)extremely well.
B)as well as could be expected.
C)with varying success.
D)rather poorly.
54
As suggested in "Police Investigations of the Use of Deadly Force Can Influence Perceptions and Outcomes," the number of primary investigators to oversee a police-shooting case from beginning to end should be:
A)one and only one.
B)exactly two.
C)at least two.
D)two groups of four.
55
As recommended in "Police Investigations of the Use of Deadly Force Can Influence Perceptions and Outcomes," after a police-shooting incident, the involved officers should be removed from the scene as soon as possible and taken to a secure location away from other witnesses and media personnel.
A)True
B)False
56
According to "Judging Honesty by Words, Not Fidgets," people who are telling a prepared lie are more likely than truth tellers to:
A)slump in their seat.
B)stick to a tight script.
C)sweat.
D)avert their eyes.
57
As identified in "Judging Honesty by Words, Not Fidgets," the fictional detective whose interrogation technique most matches the one advocated by scientists who have researched interrogation methods is:
A)Dirty Harry.
B)Joe Friday.
C)Lt. Columbo.
D)Inspector Lestrade.
58
As noted in "Judging Honesty by Words, Not Fidgets," researchers in Sweden found that less confrontational interrogations were associated with a higher likelihood of confession.
A)True
B)False
59
As claimed in "Interviewing Cooperative Witnesses," one reason that witnesses underreport or provide mistaken information to police is that:
A)people rarely remember details accurately.
B)police often conduct interviews poorly.
C)police rarely attempt to interview eyewitnesses.
D)witnesses are usually hostile and do not want to cooperate with police.
60
As argued in "Interviewing Cooperative Witnesses," witnesses should be explicitly instructed that their role in an interview is to:
A)listen carefully to questions and answer only what is asked.
B)provide brief, succinct answers to all questions.
C)follow the interviewer's lead with regard to questions answered and the direction of the interview.
D)generate information without waiting to be asked questions.
61
As noted in "Interviewing Cooperative Witnesses," in studies, the cognitive interview (CI) resulted in less, but more accurate, information than the control interview.
A)True
B)False
62
As presented in "As Mental Health Resources Shrink Police Become Front Line with Lives at Stake," police officers are increasingly on the "front line" in situations involving:
A)violent crime.
B)terminal illness.
C)mental illness.
D)drug abuse.
63
According to "As Mental Health Resources Shrink Police Become Front Line with Lives at Stake," the essential characteristic in dealing with someone in mental crisis is:
A)patience.
B)courage.
C)quick reflexes.
D)indifference.
64
As explained in "As Mental Health Resources Shrink Police Become Front Line with Lives at Stake," most police officers receive extensive crisis-intervention training as a routine part of their initial police training.
A)True
B)False
65
As claimed in "I Did It," the most powerful form of evidence to a jury is:
A)eyewitness testimony.
B)a video record of the crime.
C)DNA evidence.
D)a confession.
66
As described in "I Did It," the Reid technique is:
A)an interrogation technique designed to persuade a suspect to reveal his deceptions.
B)a polygraph technique that makes it difficult for suspects to circumvent the system.
C)a DNA test that can help determine a suspect's involvement in a crime.
D)a fingerprinting technique that serves to match suspects' fingerprints to evidence at the crime scene.
67
As noted in "I Did It," the use of DNA testing has demonstrated that false confessions are extremely rare.
A)True
B)False
68
As reported in "When Our Eyes Deceive Us," the argument offered by researcher Gary Wells for reforming our eyewitness-identification system is that:
A)witnesses are uncomfortable in the witness stand.
B)too many false identifications have been made.
C)there is an incentive for the police to subtly nudge memories.
D)eyewitness testimony is inherently tainted.
69
As noted in "When Our Eyes Deceive Us," Timothy Cole:
A)was never positively identified by a witness.
B)was freed from prison after DNA evidence proved him innocent.
C)had to take his case all the way to the Supreme Court.
D)died in prison before he was exonerated.
70
As stated in "When Our Eyes Deceive Us," the issue of eyewitness-identification reform tracks along the usual left-right divide.
A)True
B)False
71
According to "Neuroscience in the Courtroom," with regard to brain scans and other types of neurological evidence, courts are currently grappling with whether or not they should be used:
A)as admissible evidence in the courtroom.
B)to assess the credibility of witnesses.
C)as a tool to aid in jury selection.
D)to determine the length of a sentence.
72
As noted in "Neuroscience in the Courtroom," in the future, an ability to link patterns of brain activity with mental states could upend the old rules of deciding a defendant's:
A)guilt or innocence.
B)ability to control his or her actions.
C)thoughts at the time of the crime.
D)feelings and moods during the trial.
73
As explained in "Neuroscience in the Courtroom," functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a means of determining how and why brain cells are firing.
A)True
B)False
74
As presented in "DNA's Dirty Little Secret," the cold case under review was a:
A)1958 Las Vegas burglary and murder.
B)1961 Los Angeles double murder.
C)1972 San Francisco sexual assault and murder.
D)1984 Chicago kidnapping and murder.
75
As mentioned in "DNA's Dirty Little Secret," the air of infallibility that TV crime shows have given to the power of DNA evidence is a phenomenon known in criminal justice circles as:
A)the not-so-Cold Case.
B)the CSI effect.
C)painting by Numb3rs.
D)rolling the Bones.
76
According to "DNA's Dirty Little Secret," jurors are rarely told that the reliability of DNA evidence plummets when the DNA is incomplete or degraded.
A)True
B)False
77
As profiled in "Wrongful Convictions," Paul House's case is a textbook study in:
A)corrupt legal systems.
B)wrongful conviction.
C)the weaknesses inherent in DNA testing.
D)the flaws of the death penalty.
78
As claimed in "Wrongful Convictions," DNA testing is helpful in solving crimes involving:
A)rape and murder.
B)burglary and robbery.
C)petty theft and other misdemeanors.
D)almost any form of illegal activity, from minor infractions to capital acts.
79
As stated in "Wrongful Convictions," since the onset of modern DNA testing, no one has been wrongly convicted of a serious crime.
A)True
B)False
80
As presented in "Shaken-Baby Syndrome Faces New Questions in Court," the triad of symptoms linked to shaken-baby syndrome includes all of the following except:
A)brain swelling.
B)subdural hemorrhaging.
C)scalp or facial lacerations or bruising.
D)retinal hemorrhaging.
81
As noted in "Shaken-Baby Syndrome Faces New Questions in Court," the usual explanation for how a caretaker can become an abuser is that she or he:
A)snaps in a moment of frustration.
B)has a personal history of abuse.
C)does not like children.
D)has a hidden or undiagnosed mental illness.
82
As claimed in "Shaken-Baby Syndrome Faces New Questions in Court," certain diseases and accidental injuries can actually mimic the effects of abusive head trauma.
A)True
B)False
83
As suggested in "Justice & Antonin Scalia," Antonin Scalia was able to get past questioning by the Democrat-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee by:
A)refusing to discuss his views on any question likely to come before him.
B)offering only vague and equivocating answers to questions.
C)presenting himself as less conservative than he really is.
D)being personally affable.
84
As noted in "Justice & Antonin Scalia," Antonin Scalia and other legal scholars think the twentieth century's most influential justice was:
A)Thurgood Marshall.
B)William Brennan.
C)Earl Warren.
D)William O. Douglas.
85
As reported in "Justice & Antonin Scalia," the Chief Justice has the task of assigning Supreme Court opinions in which he or she is on the majority.
A)True
B)False
86
As reported in "Violence in Adolescent Dating Relationships," factors associated with decreased risk of dating violence include:
A)exposure to peer drinking activities.
B)negative parent-child interactions.
C)doing well in school.
D)earlier exposures to violence.
87
As noted in "Violence in Adolescent Dating Relationships," the region of the United States where adolescents are at substantially greater risk for experiencing dating violence is:
A)New England.
B)the West Coast.
C)the Upper Midwest.
D)the South.
88
As stated in "Violence in Adolescent Dating Relationships," the likelihood of victimization from violence increases as the number of dating partners increases.
A)True
B)False
89
As profiled in "Juvenile Recidivism—Measuring Success or Failure: Is There a Difference?", the difference between Aaron and Brad after release from a youth correctional facility is that:
A)lack of community support caused Brad to reoffend, while Aaron remained crime-free.
B)community support allowed Aaron to succeed, while lack of support hampered Brad.
C)Aaron had a home and family to return to, while Brad did not.
D)Brad's lack of success while incarcerated negatively affected him upon release, while Aaron built on the success he achieved while incarcerated.
90
As explained in "Juvenile Recidivism—Measuring Success or Failure: Is There a Difference?", recidivism rates have historically been used to track performance of the juvenile-justice system because recidivism is:
A)an easy, cost-effective measure to track.
B)the best way to determine the success of youth correctional facilities and programs.
C)reflective of the full range of work that is involved in juvenile treatment.
D)the best way to determine the life success of former juvenile offenders.
91
As noted in "Juvenile Recidivism—Measuring Success or Failure: Is There a Difference?", a roadblock for juvenile correctional agencies is a misunderstanding by legislators and the public of what "success" really means.
A)True
B)False
92
As noted in "The Long View of Crime," the observation that the prevalence of criminal offenses rises during adolescence and decreases in the early twenties:
A)has stood the test of time.
B)is highly debatable.
C)is no longer the informed view.
D)was first documented in a 1958 study.
93
As related in "The Long View of Crime," one firmly fixed finding over the years has been that intensive work by adolescents (that is, 20 or more hours per week):
A)increases delinquent behavior.
B)decreases delinquent behavior.
C)has no appreciable effect on delinquent behavior.
D)decreases the high-school dropout rate.
94
As asserted in "The Long View of Crime," no one disputes that gang members commit more crime than nonmembers.
A)True
B)False
95
As presented in "Menacing or Mimicking? Realities of Youth Gangs," the "Big Gang Theory" refers to:
A)media sensationalism with regard to gang activity.
B)law-enforcement theories of gang involvement.
C)research related to the nature and scope of gang activity.
D)myths created by youth-gang members to make themselves appear dangerous.
96
As noted in "Menacing or Mimicking? Realities of Youth Gangs," the two primary reasons that youth join a gang are:
A)social interaction and a need for protection.
B)the availability of drugs and sex.
C)coercion and threats of harm by current gang members.
D)the promise of money and power.
97
As claimed in "Menacing or Mimicking? Realities of Youth Gangs," to be truly effective, gang prevention and control efforts should always exceed the level of the current problem.
A)True
B)False
98
As profiled in "Whither Young Offenders? The Debate Has Begun," former gang member Joaquin E. DiazDeLeon says that correctional officers in California's juvenile prison system spend most of their time:
A)attempting to rehabilitate youthful offenders.
B)separating rival gangs.
C)looking the other way in the face of ongoing violence.
D)working to improve the prison environment.
99
As presented in "Whither Young Offenders? The Debate Has Begun," one concern about moving juvenile correctional responsibilities to counties is that prosecutors might be compelled to:
A)throw out charges against all but the most serious offenders.
B)refuse to prosecute serious offenders who could pose a threat to county personnel.
C)charge more juveniles as adults, forcing youth into adult prisons.
D)ignore all juvenile offenses in order to save county money and resources.
100
As noted in "Whither Young Offenders? The Debate Has Begun," the population of young offenders in California has risen significantly in the last few years.
A)True
B)False
101
According to "Preventing Future Crime with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy," cognitive behavioral therapy has only recently come into prominence as one of the few approaches to psychotherapy that has been broadly validated with research, although it has been used in psychological therapy:
A)for more than 40 years.
B)since World War I.
C)by the Chinese military since the 1890s.
D)in Europe for nearly 150 years.
102
As cited in "Preventing Future Crime with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy," researcher Mark Lipsey found that, among various therapeutic interventions, the single-most effective in reducing further criminal behavior were the approaches involving:
A)multiple services.
B)restorative programs.
C)discipline.
D)skill building.
103
As noted in "Preventing Future Crime with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy," unlike other approaches to psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy rarely relies on individual counseling sessions.
A)True
B)False
104
As noted in "Interviewing Compliant Adolescent Victims," in adolescence, the part of the brain responsible for reasoning, inhibiting impulses, controlling emotions, and determining right from wrong:
A)is subject to chemical irregularities.
B)is overly developed.
C)has not completely formed.
D)is fully formed.
105
As addressed in "Interviewing Compliant Adolescent Victims," investigators must avoid turning the juvenile victim interview into:
A)an emotional scene.
B)a boring routine.
C)an interrogation.
D)a gossipy chat.
106
According to "Interviewing Compliant Adolescent Victims," online predators rarely use threats or deception to lure their teenage victims.
A)True
B)False
107
According to "Bringing Back the Lash," the country that has the most prisoners in the world, both by numbers and a percentage of the population, is:
A)the United States.
B)China.
C)Canada.
D)Mexico.
108
As presented in "Bringing Back the Lash," in order to reduce the U.S. prison population to a civilized level, the U.S. justice system needs to:
A)increase executions.
B)abolish prisons.
C)introduce alternative punishments.
D)build more prisons.
109
As noted in "Bringing Back the Lash," there is little correlation between incarceration and crime rate in the United States.
A)True
B)False
110
According to "Inmate Count in U.S. Dwarfs Other Nations'," what truly distinguishes American prison policy is the:
A)harshness of prison conditions.
B)length of sentences.
C)length of the trial process.
D)emphasis on rehabilitation.
111
As discussed in "Inmate Count in U.S. Dwarfs Other Nations'," an anomaly of the American criminal-justice system is that:
A)defendants have legal counsel.
B)American criminals are the world's least violent.
C)Americans are protected from searches.
D)American judges are elected.
112
As stated in "Inmate Count in U.S. Dwarfs Other Nations'," the United States leads the world in prison admissions per capita.
A)True
B)False
113
As noted in "Prisoners of Parole," Hawaiian state trial judge Steven Alm designed the model program HOPE, which is an acronym for:
A)Hawaii's Opportunity Probation with Enforcement.
B)Hawaiian Offenders Program for Enlightenment.
C)Honor-Obligation-Promise-Endeavor.
D)Heating up Our Parole Endgame.
114
As related in "Prisoners of Parole," Judge Alm had been inspired in the mid-1990s by a speech given by David M. Kennedy about Operation Ceasefire, a program he was designing to reduce youth violence in:
A)Bosnia.
B)Boston.
C)Northern Ireland.
D)Los Angeles.
115
As pointed out in "Prisoners of Parole," a variety of recent research suggests that people are more likely to obey the law when they view law enforcement as fair and legitimate.
A)True
B)False
116
As portrayed in "Boom Behind Bars," the main difference between government-run prisons and private prisons is that private prisons:
A)are more humane.
B)are more efficient.
C)imprison people for profit.
D)have been proven to lower crime rates.
117
As argued in "Boom Behind Bars," based on their structure and function, private prisons have an incentive to:
A)increase U.S. detention rates.
B)reduce U.S. detention rates.
C)reduce prison costs.
D)loosen U.S. immigration restrictions.
118
As noted in "Boom Behind Bars," private prisons tend to take the most violent and problematic prisoners, relieving the government of its more difficult and expensive prison duties.
A)True
B)False
119
According to "One Clique," the commonly accepted major categories of security threat groups (STGs) include all of the following except:
A)street gangs.
B)drug cartels.
C)extremist/separatist groups.
D)motorcycle clubs.
120
As noted in "One Clique," the primary barrier between staff and Hispanic inmates in Georgia is:
A)STG membership.
B)socioeconomic level.
C)language.
D)religion.
121
As pointed out in "One Clique," situational associations do not have the potential to compromise security in correctional settings.
A)True
B)False
122
As presented in "New Spanish Practice Aims to Break the Cycle among Mothers and Children," Spain's Unidad Externa de Madres, or External Mother Unit, is designed to:
A)reduce the criminal sentences of women with children.
B)separate children from an incarcerated mother.
C)remove children from a prison setting while allowing them to remain with their mother.
D)house a mother and children together in a prison cell.
123
According to "New Spanish Practice Aims to Break the Cycle among Mothers and Children," the psychological and emotional distress shown by U.S. children when their mother goes to prison is a result of the:
A)mother's criminal activity.
B)mother-child separation during incarceration.
C)harsh conditions they witness at the prison when visiting their mother.
D)conditions in which they are forced to live when they are imprisoned with their mother.
124
As noted in "New Spanish Practice Aims to Break the Cycle among Mothers and Children," children who are separated from their mother while she serves a prison sentence are much more likely to be incarcerated themselves later in life.
A)True
B)False
125
According to "Supermax Prisons," Supermaxes have proliferated for all of the following reasons except that they are:
A)cheaper to build and maintain.
B)new facilities to control the "worst of the worst."
C)a result of careerism of correctional administrators.
D)a response to the punitive agenda that took hold of criminal justice beginning in the early 1980s.
126
As given in "Supermax Prisons," Supermax facilities can be found in:
A)a quarter of the states.
B)about two-thirds of the states.
C)the South and West only.
D)the Northeast primarily.
127
As pointed out in "Supermax Prisons," many state directors of correction have admitted that the Supermax concept was a mistake.
A)True
B)False
128
The only nation to come close to the U.S. incarceration rate, as explained "The Results of American Incarceration," is:
A)Sweden.
B)Great Britain.
C)China.
D)Russia.
129
During World War II, as pointed out in "The Results of American Incarceration," the U.S. prison population declined significantly, largely because:
A)employment rates were high.
B)a large number of young men were in the armed forces.
C)there was a high level of community engagement and patriotism.
D)criminal penalties were harsher than at any other time in U.S. history.
130
Although some countries have high incarceration rates, as noted in "The Results of American Incarceration," most industrialized countries have far lower rates of violent crime than the United States.
A)True
B)False
131
According to "Addressing Gender Issues among Staff in Community Corrections," when looking at the recent increase of women in prison in the United States, it is important to note that:
A)the causes and results of male and female crime are very similar.
B)risk models based on male characteristics and criminality are not necessarily effective for women.
C)gender-specific strategies to reduce crime and recidivism have been shown to be ineffective.
D)female offenders have the same needs as male offenders when it comes to rehabilitation and intervention strategies.
132
As reported in "Addressing Gender Issues among Staff in Community Corrections," most women in the U.S. criminal justice system:
A)have not committed any crime and do not belong in prison.
B)are nonviolent offenders and are not a serious risk to public safety.
C)are hardened criminals who have committed several serious crimes.
D)have been given special treatment because of their gender.
133
As defined in "Addressing Gender Issues among Staff in Community Corrections," the "motherhood penalty" refers to reduced charges and shorter sentences for those female offenders with children.
A)True
B)False





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