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Practice Quiz
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1
The U.S. criminal justice system, according to "What Is the Sequence of Events in the Criminal Justice System?" is founded on the concept that:
A)a crime victim is entitled to retribution from the accused.
B)individuals are innocent until proven guilty.
C)crimes against an individual are crimes against the State.
D)law enforcement officers can arrest an individual they suspect committed a crime.
2
According to "What Is the Sequence of Events in the Criminal Justice System?" if a prosecutor charges a suspect with a serious crime, the suspect:
A)immediately goes before a grand jury.
B)must be taken before a judge or magistrate without unnecessary delay for an initial appearance.
C)will be taken into pretrial detention.
D)will have a preliminary hearing to determine probable cause.
3
U.S. criminal cases, as presented in "What Is the Sequence of Events in the Criminal Justice System?" are all handled in a similar manner regardless of the jurisdiction.
A)True
B)False
4
As concluded in "The Never-Ending Drug War," support for the drug war will evaporate when:
A)the public becomes aware of its true costs.
B)the public and politicians become more risk acceptant.
C)marijuana becomes legal.
D)drug-associated violence is controlled.
5
As presented in "The Never-Ending Drug War," policy termination in the drug war would be:
A)a healthcare decision.
B)an economic act.
C)a political act.
D)a rational policy decision.
6
As stated in "The Never-Ending Drug War," the overall goal of the drug war has been consistent and simple: reduce drug use in the United States.
A)True
B)False
7
As described in "Prison Rips up Families, Tears Apart Entire Communities," Jaymalis Falls is a:
A)suspect in several murder cases.
B)notorious gang leader.
C)juvenile under house arrest.
D)victim of sexual abuse.
8
The area that is portrayed in "Prison Rips up Families, Tears Apart Entire Communities" is in:
A)Chicago.
B)Los Angeles.
C)Miami.
D)New Orleans.
9
As pointed out in "Prison Rips up Families, Tears Apart Entire Communities," the KIPP Central City Academy offers one of the few clean paths out of a crime-ridden neighborhood.
A)True
B)False
10
As noted in "If Convicted Felons Could Vote…," if they could vote, felons:
A)would not bother to register.
B)probably would forget to do so.
C)could decide a presidential election.
D)would likely form a political party.
11
According to the Sentencing Project, as given in "If Convicted Felons Could Vote…," felon disenfranchisement disproportionately affects:
A)women.
B)African Americans.
C)white-collar criminals.
D)Hispanics.
12
As claimed in "If Convicted Felons Could Vote…," laws that keep felons and others away from the polls have their roots in Jim Crow laws.
A)True
B)False
13
As presented in "After 9/11 A New Era in the Business of Detaining Immigrants," in 2009 the Obama Administration:
A)pledged to drastically overhaul the immigration-detention system.
B)asked Congress to take charge of immigration problems.
C)agreed to take over housing of immigration violators from private corporations.
D)turned a blind eye on illegal immigrants from Mexico.
14
As disclosed in "After 9/11 A New Era in the Business of Detaining Immigrants," between 2005 and 2010, the amount of money appropriated for immigrant detention:
A)actually declined.
B)remained steady.
C)more than doubled.
D)quadrupled.
15
As maintained in "After 9/11 A New Era in the Business of Detaining Immigrants," the majority of immigrants detained from 2005 through 2009 had criminal convictions.
A)True
B)False
16
As explained in "No Cause for Marijuana Case, but Enough for Child Neglect," when police searched the apartment of Penelope Harris and did not find enough marijuana for even a misdemeanor charge, child-welfare caseworkers:
A)had no reason to intervene.
B)reported her arrest to her employer.
C)removed the children from her home.
D)had her arrested on child-abandonment charges.
17
As cited in "No Cause for Marijuana Case, but Enough for Child Neglect," the most common illicit drug in New York City is:
A)crack cocaine.
B)heroin.
C)meth.
D)marijuana.
18
As given in "No Cause for Marijuana Case, but Enough for Child Neglect," in New York City, parents who have never faced neglect allegations do not have their children placed in foster care because of marijuana allegations.
A)True
B)False
19
As indicated in "Band's Culture of Hazing Flourished at Florida A&M," an investigation into Florida A&M's band was triggered by:
A)misuse of band funds.
B)a revolt by the brass section of the band.
C)the hazing death of drum major Robert Champion.
D)sexual harassment charges against band members.
20
As claimed in "Band's Culture of Hazing Flourished at Florida A&M," hazing in the band was:
A)unknown to university and band administrators.
B)an open secret on campus.
C)begun about 2006.
D)confined to upperclassmen.
21
As recounted in "Band's Culture of Hazing Flourished at Florida A&M," one band member told police that he had gone through hazing because he hoped to be a leader in the band.
A)True
B)False
22
As noted in "Telling the Truth About Damned Lies and Statistics, as used in Chronicle of Higher Education, May 4, 2001. Excerpted from Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists, (University of California Press, 2001)," as a practical matter, it is virtually impossible for citizens in a contemporary society to:
A)understand complicated analyses.
B)avoid statistics about social problems.
C)create new statistical methods.
D)work on statistical ratios without a sound database.
23
As presented in "Telling the Truth About Damned Lies and Statistics, as used in Chronicle of Higher Education, May 4, 2001.Excerpted from Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists, (University of California Press, 2001)," becoming critical about statistics requires:
A)advanced mathematical concepts.
B)limited verbal insight.
C)being prepared to ask questions about numbers.
D)advanced technical skills.
24
As explained in "Telling the Truth About Damned Lies and Statistics, as used in Chronicle of Higher Education, May 4, 2001. Excerpted from Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists, (University of California Press, 2001)," thinking critically about statistics requires an understanding of human nature.
A)True
B)False
25
As described in "When a Hazing Goes Very Wrong," George Desdunes' tragic death resulted from:
A)traditional hazing of incoming freshmen.
B)drunk driving.
C)drinking at an off-campus party.
D)hazing during the fraternity-pledging process.
26
As maintained in "When a Hazing Goes Very Wrong," what often turns pledging into hazing is:
A)drug use.
B)herd instinct.
C)alcohol consumption.
D)time of night.
27
As pointed out in "When a Hazing Goes Very Wrong," the George Desdunes case was the first indication that there were hazing problems at Cornell.
A)True
B)False
28
As noted in "The Face of Domestic Violence," Amanda White's attraction to Dietrich White began when she had a crush on him:
A)from the first day he moved next door in 1997.
B)during her freshman year in college.
C)when they worked together at a local diner.
D)in junior high school.
29
As related in "The Face of Domestic Violence," the turning point for the repeatedly abused Amanda White was the:
A)moment her husband broke her arm.
B)threat of losing her children.
C)day she nearly drowned at the hands of her husband.
D)first time she saw a photograph of her battered face.
30
As evident from the account in "The Face of Domestic Violence," Dietrich White's violent outbursts were never associated with his drinking.
A)True
B)False
31
As given in "Sexual Violence and the Military," sexual assaults on American military women are:
A)minimal under the military's "zero tolerance" policy.
B)substantially higher than on women in the general population.
C)more frequent during peacetime than in combat zones.
D)falling rapidly as more women make careers in the military.
32
According to "Forensic Interviewing Aids: Do Props Help Children Answer Questions about Touching?", the goal of helping children provide accurate, detailed reports of possible sex abuse has been hampered by all of the following except:
A)motivational factors.
B)memory phenomena.
C)interviewing skills.
D)linguistic issues.
33
As reported in "Forensic Interviewing Aids: Do Props Help Children Answer Questions about Touching?", research has shown that the use of dolls during sex-abuse interviews with very young children resulted in:
A)the collection of more accurate and detailed information from interview participants.
B)an increase in false reports of genital and anal touching by interview participants.
C)less distraction and more focus for interview participants.
D)a better understanding of body parts for interview participants.
34
As noted in "Forensic Interviewing Aids: Do Props Help Children Answer Questions about Touching?", research has shown that children's interactions with dolls are highly representative of their own sexual abuse.
A)True
B)False
35
According to "Human Sex Trafficking," human sex trafficking is most akin to:
A)slavery.
B)prostitution.
C)pornography.
D)consensual sex acts.
36
As reported in "Human Sex Trafficking," the majority of victims of human sex trafficking are youth who:
A)have been forcibly abducted from their home and family.
B)are runaways or have been rejected by their family and who live on the street.
C)are pressured by parents to make money through prostitution.
D)have been sold to traffickers by parents needing money.
37
As noted in "Human Sex Trafficking," human sex trafficking in the United States almost always involves victims who have been brought to America from other countries.
A)True
B)False
38
As given in "Could the Penn State Abuse Scandal Happen Somewhere Else? Definitely," factors that permit a predatory situation to develop include all of the following except:
A)ignorance of warning signs.
B)willfully hidden information.
C)remoteness of the institution.
D)lack of oversight.
39
As reported in "Could the Penn State Abuse Scandal Happen Somewhere Else? Definitely," the investigative report into the Penn State scandal was compiled by:
A)Penn State President Graham Spanier.
B)law professor Marci Hamilton.
C)Penn State Vice-President Gary Schultz.
D)former FBI director Louis Freeh.
40
As stated in "Could the Penn State Abuse Scandal Happen Somewhere Else? Definitely," in investigations into alleged abuses, the victims are the last possible priority.
A)True
B)False
41
As claimed in "The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008," one of the "best kept secrets of modern life" with regard to U.S. law enforcement in the late twentieth century was that:
A)expanding the police force results in a reduction in crime.
B)routine investigations are the cornerstone of crime prevention.
C)police do not prevent crime.
D)rapid response leads to real results.
42
As defined in "The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008," a "community policing" model involves:
A)carrying out mass arrests of neighborhood troublemakers.
B)working in tandem with community members to problem-solve and prevent crime.
C)encouraging community members to join the police force.
D)randomized motor patrols throughout a particular community.
43
As noted in "The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008," police are able to reduce crime when they focus on "hot spots," or those locations accounting for a high volume of repeat calls for police service.
A)True
B)False
44
As noted in "When the Police Go Military," police forces were encouraged to embrace paramilitary tactics by:
A)citizens enraged about increased street crime.
B)the war on drugs and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
C)public support of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
D)the increased presence of illegal immigrants in the United States.
45
The director of the Police Executive Research Forum, as cited in "When the Police Go Military," points out that, for police, sophisticated equipment cannot replace:
A)a strong back.
B)high-level education.
C)common sense and discretion.
D)emotional involvement.
46
As shown in "When the Police Go Military," most of the 35,000 members of the New York City police are assigned to specialized units.
A)True
B)False
47
As presented in "Beware of the Dogs," interest in police and military dogs in the United States was galvanized by all of the following except the:
A)attempted assassination of President Reagan.
B)Lockerbie plane bombing.
C)Columbine school shootings.
D)Oklahoma City bombing.
48
As detailed in "Beware of the Dogs," New York City's canine force is divided among all of the following police squads except:
A)narcotics.
B)bomb.
C)emergency-response.
D)fraud.
49
As noted in "Beware of the Dogs," as the number of New York City's uniformed police has climbed recently, the canine force has been cut in half.
A)True
B)False
50
As given in "Forensic Techniques Are Subject to Human Bias, Lack of Standards, Panel Found," a 2009 study of post-conviction DNA exonerations found that in more than half the cases, there was:
A)a problem in the chain of evidence.
B)a false positive match.
C)significant computer error.
D)invalid testimony.
51
As reported in "Forensic Techniques Are Subject to Human Bias, Lack of Standards, Panel Found," an example of a field in which research has dramatically improved practices is:
A)fingerprinting.
B)arson investigation.
C)DNA testing.
D)bullet-lead matching.
52
As revealed in "Forensic Techniques Are Subject to Human Bias, Lack of Standards, Panel Found," biological evidence has historically been collected in fewer than 20 percent of criminal cases.
A)True
B)False
53
According to "Understanding the Psychology of Police Misconduct," the law-enforcement profession can be ripe for unethical conduct by its members because:
A)police officers are usually not adequately screened prior to being hired.
B)the profession is attractive to those wishing to commit crimes.
C)police officers experience legal freedoms unavailable to the general public.
D)there are no systems in place for punishing corrupt officers.
54
As explained in "Understanding the Psychology of Police Misconduct," the phenomenon of cognitive dissonance generally results in the need for police officers to:
A)justify their conduct.
B)change their behavior.
C)act unethically.
D)report unethical peers and superiors.
55
As claimed in "Understanding the Psychology of Police Misconduct," almost all police officers who are caught engaging in immoral or unethical behavior have bad track records of service prior to their misconduct.
A)True
B)False
56
According to "The Art of the Police Report," one constant in any police officer's daily life is:
A)writing.
B)making an arrest.
C)going to court.
D)responding to the scene of a crime.
57
As defined in "The Art of the Police Report," an incident report is a:
A)story reflecting a responding officer's impressions and feelings about an incident.
B)report generated by superiors when an officer commits a crime or acts unethically.
C)factual narrative account of a crime.
D)report written by the court when a criminal is convicted.
58
As noted in "The Art of the Police Report," the more emotionally charged the incident report, the more likely it is that the subject of the report will be convicted in court.
A)True
B)False
59
As presented in "As Mental Health Resources Shrink Police Become Front Line with Lives at Stake," police officers are increasingly on the "front line" in situations involving:
A)violent crime.
B)terminal illness.
C)mental illness.
D)drug abuse.
60
According to "As Mental Health Resources Shrink Police Become Front Line with Lives at Stake," the essential characteristic in dealing with someone in mental crisis is:
A)patience.
B)courage.
C)quick reflexes.
D)indifference.
61
As explained in "As Mental Health Resources Shrink Police Become Front Line with Lives at Stake," most police officers receive extensive crisis-intervention training as a routine part of their initial police training.
A)True
B)False
62
In "The Prosecution's Case Against DNA," the author examines the case against Juan Rivera, convicted of raping and killing an 11-year-old girl, Holly Staker, in Lake County:
A)Illinois.
B)California.
C)Texas.
D)New York.
63
As detailed in "The Prosecution’s Case Against DNA," in 21 percent of the cases of wrongful conviction studied by University of Virginia law professor Brandon Garrett, testimony was provided by:
A)the victim.
B)someone in the victim's family.
C)one of three police detectives who worked the cases Garrett studied.
D)an informant who was often a jailhouse cellmate of the accused.
64
As mentioned in "The Prosecution's Case Against DNA," prosecutors in Florida absurdly argued that pubic hairs at a crime scene that did not belong to the convicted rapist might have come from the movers who had delivered furniture to the bedroom a week earlier.
A)True
B)False
65
As claimed in "I Did It," the most powerful form of evidence to a jury is:
A)eyewitness testimony.
B)a video record of the crime.
C)DNA evidence.
D)a confession.
66
As described in "I Did It," the Reid technique is:
A)an interrogation technique designed to persuade a suspect to reveal his deceptions.
B)a polygraph technique that makes it difficult for suspects to circumvent the system.
C)a DNA test that can help determine a suspect's involvement in a crime.
D)a fingerprinting technique that serves to match suspects' fingerprints to evidence at the crime scene.
67
As noted in "I Did It," the use of DNA testing has demonstrated that false confessions are extremely rare.
A)True
B)False
68
As cited in "The Certainty of Memory Has Its Day in Court," studies performed by the pioneer of witness-memory research, Elizabeth Loftus, showed that:
A)memory in eyewitness situations becomes too overloaded to retain details.
B)memories are malleable, and people will often add details that they never actually saw.
C)memory is actually just a mental "dress rehearsal" for a hypothetical event.
D)on the day of a trial, witnesses will believe they were always sure of what they saw.
69
As quoted in "The Certainty of Memory Has Its Day in Court," according to Harvard psychology professor Daniel Schacter, brain-scan studies show that:
A)human emotion creates confidence about the memory of an event, but not memory accuracy.
B)subjects who were asked to imagine an experience reported it as a real memory one week later.
C)whether an event is real or imagined, many brain structures involved in its coding and retrieval are the same.
D)when people are unable to remember details, they make inferences about what the details were.
70
As recounted in "The Certainty of Memory Has Its Day in Court," in the 1999 Harvard study, when a woman in a gorilla suit strolled through a group of moving basketball players in a videotape, the majority of people who watched the video spotted the woman immediately.
A)True
B)False
71
As stated in "Eyewitness Identifications," those who favor the reform of eyewitness-identification procedures and the possible exclusion of inculpatory evidence fail to recognize that:
A)confessions are sometimes false and that expert testimony is occasionally mistaken.
B)there is no rule of evidence or procedure that will infallibly indicate guilt or innocence.
C)innocent defendants sometimes choose not to testify.
D)measures must be taken to minimize wrongful convictions, even if such measures produce false acquittals.
72
As pointed out in "Eyewitness Identifications," with regard to the use of lineups and show-ups, the empirical question that must be answered in order to make a reasonable decision about eyewitness-identification reform is:
A)how to choose between show-ups, which occur shortly after the crime, and lineups, which require elaborate staging.
B)whether the proposed reforms to existing procedures are progressive or retrograde.
C)how to devise hypothetical projections of error rates for different patterns of distribution of guilt and innocence.
D)what proportion of suspects subjected to lineups and show-ups is actually guilty.
73
As maintained in "Eyewitness Identifications," the fact that relevant evidence leads to fallible inferences is an argument for excluding that evidence.
A)True
B)False
74
As reported in "DOJ Review of Flawed FBI Forensics Processes Lacked Transparency," the FBI crime-lab chemist and lawyer who exposed a lack of impartiality and scientific standards in FBI forensic work was:
A)Louis J. Freeh.
B)Michael R. Bromwich.
C)Frederic Whitehurst.
D)Kevin V. DiGregory.
75
As detailed in "DOJ Review of Flawed FBI Forensics Processes Lacked Transparency," the stated purpose of the task force designated by Janet Reno and Louis J. Freeh was to:
A)reveal the names of FBI scientists who had committed perjury or fabricated evidence.
B)examine cases that had been investigated by the FBI and that involved forensic work by now-discredited FBI scientists.
C)contact defendants whose convictions had relied upon flawed evidence in order to exonerate them.
D)detail the nature and scope of the forensic problems it discovered in the FBI's crime lab.
76
As noted in "DOJ Review of Flawed FBI Forensics Processes Lacked Transparency," even a decade after the work of its task force, the Justice Department declined to release the names of defendants affected in the cases it examined.
A)True
B)False
77
As pointed out in "Convicted Defendants Left Uninformed of Forensic Flaws Found by Justice Dept.," after the review of cases involving misconduct in the FBI's crime lab in the 1990s, the Justice Department:
A)stated that officials met their legal and constitutional obligations by alerting prosecutors to the specific errors they uncovered and that they were not required to inform defendants directly.
B)released its findings demonstrating that unreliable forensic evidence was produced by examiners at the FBI lab to defense counsel and defendants in the affected cases.
C)exonerated Santae A. Tribble and Kirk L. Odom, who were convicted on the basis of flawed hair and fiber analysis during the 1970s and 1980s.
D)pieced together flawed convictions from case numbers and other bits of information in 10,000 pages of its 1997 task-force documents.
78
As recounted in "Convicted Defendants Left Uninformed of Forensic Flaws Found by Justice Dept.," the evidence used by FBI-trained forensic analysts to convict both Santae Tribble and Kirk L. Odom was:
A)fiber analysis from clothing such as a stocking mask.
B)composite sketches made by the crime victims.
C)hair microscopy.
D)nuclear DNA testing of stains left by the perpetrators.
79
As shown in "Convicted Defendants Left Uninformed of Forensic Flaws Found by Justice Dept.," two FBI-trained analysts who testified in the case of Santae Tribble could not distinguish at that time between human hairs and canine hairs.
A)True
B)False
80
According to "Neuroscience in the Courtroom," with regard to brain scans and other types of neurological evidence, courts are currently grappling with whether or not they should be used:
A)as admissible evidence in the courtroom.
B)to assess the credibility of witnesses.
C)as a tool to aid in jury selection.
D)to determine the length of a sentence.
81
As noted in "Neuroscience in the Courtroom," in the future, an ability to link patterns of brain activity with mental states could upend the old rules of deciding a defendant's:
A)guilt or innocence.
B)ability to control his or her actions.
C)thoughts at the time of the crime.
D)feelings and moods during the trial.
82
As explained in "Neuroscience in the Courtroom," functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a means of determining how and why brain cells are firing.
A)True
B)False
83
As profiled in "Wrongful Convictions," Paul House's case is a textbook study in:
A)corrupt legal systems.
B)wrongful conviction.
C)the weaknesses inherent in DNA testing.
D)the flaws of the death penalty.
84
As claimed in "Wrongful Convictions," DNA testing is helpful in solving crimes involving:
A)rape and murder.
B)burglary and robbery.
C)petty theft and other misdemeanors.
D)almost any form of illegal activity, from minor infractions to capital acts.
85
As stated in "Wrongful Convictions," since the onset of modern DNA testing, no one has been wrongly convicted of a serious crime.
A)True
B)False
86
As reported in "Violence in Adolescent Dating Relationships," factors associated with decreased risk of dating violence include:
A)exposure to peer drinking activities.
B)negative parent-child interactions.
C)doing well in school.
D)earlier exposures to violence.
87
As noted in "Violence in Adolescent Dating Relationships," the region of the United States where adolescents are at substantially greater risk for experiencing dating violence is:
A)New England.
B)the West Coast.
C)the Upper Midwest.
D)the South.
88
As stated in "Violence in Adolescent Dating Relationships," the likelihood of victimization from violence increases as the number of dating partners increases.
A)True
B)False
89
Paul Hirschfield, a Rutgers University sociologist, is quoted in "Misbehavior" as saying that the main reason more misbehaving students are being bumped into the court system nationally is the:
A)lack of parental involvement and discipline.
B)increasing presence of police in schools.
C)requests from teachers who are frustrated by unruly students.
D)desire for voters for more stringent law enforcement, even for young people.
90
As mentioned in "Misbehavior," Los Angeles police recently agreed to cut back on ticketing:
A)students for fighting.
B)for running in the halls at school.
C)improperly dressed students.
D)tardy students en route to school.
91
As reported in "Misbehavior," a Texas study found that tickets had been issued to students as young as five years old.
A)True
B)False
92
As presented in "Shaken-Baby Syndrome Faces New Questions in Court," the triad of symptoms linked to shaken-baby syndrome includes all of the following except:
A)brain swelling.
B)subdural hemorrhaging.
C)scalp or facial lacerations or bruising.
D)retinal hemorrhaging.
93
As noted in "Shaken-Baby Syndrome Faces New Questions in Court," the usual explanation for how a caretaker can become an abuser is that she or he:
A)snaps in a moment of frustration.
B)has a personal history of abuse.
C)does not like children.
D)has a hidden or undiagnosed mental illness.
94
As claimed in "Shaken-Baby Syndrome Faces New Questions in Court," certain diseases and accidental injuries can actually mimic the effects of abusive head trauma.
A)True
B)False
95
As profiled in "Juvenile Recidivism—Measuring Success or Failure: Is There a Difference?", the difference between Aaron and Brad after release from a youth correctional facility is that:
A)lack of community support caused Brad to reoffend, while Aaron remained crime-free.
B)community support allowed Aaron to succeed, while lack of support hampered Brad.
C)Aaron had a home and family to return to, while Brad did not.
D)Brad's lack of success while incarcerated negatively affected him upon release, while Aaron built on the success he achieved while incarcerated.
96
As explained in "Juvenile Recidivism—Measuring Success or Failure: Is There a Difference?", recidivism rates have historically been used to track performance of the juvenile-justice system because recidivism is:
A)an easy, cost-effective measure to track.
B)the best way to determine the success of youth correctional facilities and programs.
C)reflective of the full range of work that is involved in juvenile treatment.
D)the best way to determine the life success of former juvenile offenders.
97
As noted in "Juvenile Recidivism—Measuring Success or Failure: Is There a Difference?", a roadblock for juvenile correctional agencies is a misunderstanding by legislators and the public of what "success" really means.
A)True
B)False
98
As profiled in "Whither Young Offenders? The Debate Has Begun," former gang member Joaquin E. DiazDeLeon says that correctional officers in California's juvenile prison system spend most of their time:
A)attempting to rehabilitate youthful offenders.
B)separating rival gangs.
C)looking the other way in the face of ongoing violence.
D)working to improve the prison environment.
99
As presented in "Whither Young Offenders? The Debate Has Begun," one concern about moving juvenile correctional responsibilities to counties is that prosecutors might be compelled to:
A)throw out charges against all but the most serious offenders.
B)refuse to prosecute serious offenders who could pose a threat to county personnel.
C)charge more juveniles as adults, forcing youth into adult prisons.
D)ignore all juvenile offenses in order to save county money and resources.
100
As noted in "Whither Young Offenders? The Debate Has Begun," the population of young offenders in California has risen significantly in the last few years.
A)True
B)False
101
As quoted in "At D.C. Superior Court Program, a Focus on Helping Minors with Mental Health Problems," Magistrate Judge Joan Goldfrank said that the whole point of juvenile justice is:
A)rehabilitation.
B)punishment.
C)public safety.
D)incarceration.
102
As stated in "At D.C. Superior Court Program, a Focus on Helping Minors with Mental Health Problems," the national rate for re-arrest of juveniles who are not enrolled in a diversion program is:
A)15 percent.
B)30 percent.
C)60 percent.
D)80 percent.
103
According to the mother of a 17-year-old girl, who was interviewed at the court and quoted in "At D.C. Superior Court Program, a Focus on Helping Minors with Mental Health Problems," before coming to the court she had been told to sign her parental rights away.
A)True
B)False
104
As detailed in "No Remorse," on March 6, 2012, 15-year-old Dakotah Eliason took his grandfather's loaded gun and tried to compose a suicide note, but instead he ended up shooting and killing his:
A)grandfather.
B)brother.
C)best friend.
D)neighbor.
105
As asserted in "No Remorse," having emerged at the turn of the twentieth century, the American juvenile-justice system quickly became a model for courts throughout the world, but the system's paternalistic outlook often led to:
A)capricious rulings.
B)hung juries.
C)violations of the Fourteenth Amendment.
D)U.S. Supreme Court appeals.
106
As observed in "No Remorse," the expectation that defendants will display remorse either shortly after their crimes or never is generally accepted as common sense.
A)True
B)False
107
According to "Preventing Future Crime with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy," cognitive behavioral therapy has only recently come into prominence as one of the few approaches to psychotherapy that has been broadly validated with research, although it has been used in psychological therapy:
A)for more than 40 years.
B)since World War I.
C)by the Chinese military since the 1890s.
D)in Europe for nearly 150 years.
108
As cited in "Preventing Future Crime with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy," researcher Mark Lipsey found that, among various therapeutic interventions, the single-most effective in reducing further criminal behavior were the approaches involving:
A)multiple services.
B)restorative programs.
C)discipline.
D)skill building.
109
As noted in "Preventing Future Crime with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy," unlike other approaches to psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy rarely relies on individual counseling sessions.
A)True
B)False
110
As pointed out in "Opinion Recap: Narrow Ruling on Young Murderers' Sentences," the new Supreme Court decision discussed here was written by Associate Justice:
A)Elena Kagan.
B)Clarence Thomas.
C)Antonin Scalia.
D)Anthony Kennedy.
111
As explained in "Opinion Recap: Narrow Ruling on Young Murderers' Sentences," when a youth is convicted of a murder that occurred before the youth was age 18, the sentencing judge must now focus directly and only on that one individual and may impose a sentence of life without parole only if such a penalty is:
A)proportional.
B)allowable in that state.
C)subject to immediate review.
D)unconditional.
112
As observed in "Opinion Recap: Narrow Ruling on Young Murderers' Sentences," the adolescent-murderer decision provides no specific guidelines, nor any clearly defined list of factors, that are to control that sentencing decision.
A)True
B)False
113
According to "Bringing Back the Lash," the country that has the most prisoners in the world, both by numbers and a percentage of the population, is:
A)the United States.
B)China.
C)Canada.
D)Mexico.
114
As presented in "Bringing Back the Lash," in order to reduce the U.S. prison population to a civilized level, the U.S. justice system needs to:
A)increase executions.
B)abolish prisons.
C)introduce alternative punishments.
D)build more prisons.
115
As noted in "Bringing Back the Lash," there is little correlation between incarceration and crime rate in the United States.
A)True
B)False
116
As noted in "Drug Reforms Cut Prison Rolls," nearly 40 years after tough new drug laws led to an explosion in prison rolls, the state of New York has dramatically reversed course, now being able to claim that just since 2000, the number of New Yorkers serving time for drug crimes has dropped by:
A)24 percent.
B)39 percent.
C)47 percent.
D)62 percent.
117
As mentioned in "Drug Reforms Cut Prison Rolls," New York's 1973 drug laws, which helped kick off a massive national prison buildup—and the highest incarceration rate in the industrialized world—was championed by New York's then-governor:
A)Thomas Dewey.
B)Mario Cuomo.
C)Nelson Rockefeller.
D)Ed Koch.
118
As reported in "Drug Reforms Cut Prison Rolls," for the first time in nearly 80 years, Hispanics and blacks cannot be classified as "vastly overrepresented" in prisons.
A)True
B)False
119
1. As pointed out in "Gaming the System," the first and largest private prison company in the United States is the:
A)GEO Group.
B)Corrections Corporation of America.
C)Civilian Marshals Service.
D)Independent Incarcerators Inc.
120
The title of this article, “Gaming the System,” shares its name with the June 2011 report issued by the:
A)American Consortium of Prison Reform.
B)Justice Policy Institute.
C)U.S. Corrections Business Unit.
D)Federal Bureau of Prisons.
121
As observed in "Gaming the System," over the past 15 years, while the number of people placed in private U.S. prisons has grown, it has been outpaced by the growth of the incarceration rate.
A)True
B)False
122
As characterized in "Prison Re-entry Programs Help Inmates Leave the Criminal Mindset Behind, but Few Have Access to the Classes," to his audience of convicted felons, Leo Hayden, former NFL running back and now director of Orleans Parish Prison's new re-entry program, is like:
A)a guardian angel.
B)a demon possessed.
C)a rock star.
D)an angry but loving parent.
123
As identified in "Prison Re-entry Programs Help Inmates Leave the Criminal Mindset Behind, but Few Have Access to the Classes," the head of Louisiana's Department of Corrections—who started the re-entry program at Dixon Correctional Center when he was the warden there and who has made re-entry a centerpiece of his system-wide reform efforts—is:
A)Frank Palestina.
B)Kevin Payton.
C)J. C. Alford.
D)Jimmy LeBlanc.
124
According to "Prison Re-entry Programs Help Inmates Leave the Criminal Mindset Behind, but Few Have Access to the Classes," 50 percent of ex-cons in Louisiana end up back in prison within five years.
A)True
B)False
125
As noted in "Prisoners of Parole," Hawaiian state trial judge Steven Alm designed the model program HOPE, which is an acronym for:
A)Hawaii's Opportunity Probation with Enforcement.
B)Hawaiian Offenders Program for Enlightenment.
C)Honor-Obligation-Promise-Endeavor.
D)Heating up Our Parole Endgame.
126
As related in "Prisoners of Parole," Judge Alm had been inspired in the mid-1990s by a speech given by David M. Kennedy about Operation Ceasefire, a program he was designing to reduce youth violence in:
A)Bosnia.
B)Boston.
C)Northern Ireland.
D)Los Angeles.
127
As pointed out in "Prisoners of Parole," a variety of recent research suggests that people are more likely to obey the law when they view law enforcement as fair and legitimate.
A)True
B)False
128
According to "Addressing Gender Issues among Staff in Community Corrections," when looking at the recent increase of women in prison in the United States, it is important to note that:
A)the causes and results of male and female crime are very similar.
B)risk models based on male characteristics and criminality are not necessarily effective for women.
C)gender-specific strategies to reduce crime and recidivism have been shown to be ineffective.
D)female offenders have the same needs as male offenders when it comes to rehabilitation and intervention strategies.
129
As reported in "Addressing Gender Issues among Staff in Community Corrections," most women in the U.S. criminal justice system:
A)have not committed any crime and do not belong in prison.
B)are nonviolent offenders and are not a serious risk to public safety.
C)are hardened criminals who have committed several serious crimes.
D)have been given special treatment because of their gender.
130
As defined in "Addressing Gender Issues among Staff in Community Corrections," the "motherhood penalty" refers to reduced charges and shorter sentences for those female offenders with children.
A)True
B)False





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