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1
As brought out in "The Psychological Roots of Resource Over-Consumption," for modern human beings, status is:
A)always defined by material wealth.
B)directly proportional to personal happiness.
C)defined by what our modern cultures dictate.
D)based on the quantity of resources available for consumption.
2
As described in "The Psychological Roots of Resource Over-Consumption," the human brain's dopamine reward system:
A)regulates our ability to feel pleasure and be motivated for "more."
B)drives the development of physical attributes that contribute to mating success.
C)determines which genes will be passed on to future generations.
D)overrides strong primitive impulses arising from the limbic system.
3
As maintained in "The Psychological Roots of Resource Over-Consumption," in the effort to reduce our resource use, it will be easier to change our tendency to desire more than it will be to change the cultural cues on how we define the "more" that we desire.
A)True
B)False
4
As pointed out in "Why Do We Over-Consume?", human development is paradoxical in that the increase of human well-being in the world has grown step in step with:
A)inequality of consumption.
B)societal collapse.
C)unsustainability.
D)overpopulation.
5
As identified in "Why Do We Over-Consume?", the pre-modern feature of human society that is closely linked to our consumption now is the:
A)drive to reproduce.
B)competition for relative status.
C)need for innovative methods of resource-gathering.
D)tendency to discount the future and think only in the short term.
6
As maintained in "Why Do We Over-Consume?", modern advertising and marketing professionals target our competitive drive to consume and may contribute to the inequalities in wealth and consumption.
A)True
B)False
7
As presented in "The Gospel of Consumption," convincing people that however much they have, it is not enough was a means for the business and political elite of 1920s America to:
A)encourage manufactures to produce shoddy products to keep consumers dissatisfied.
B)defuse the dual threat of stagnating economic growth and a working class radicalized by too much leisure time.
C)shorten the length of the working day to create higher standards in school and civic life.
D)solve the problem that The New York Times called "need saturation" by shutting down labor-saving machinery.
8
As quoted in "The Gospel of Consumption," in his 1932 book Jobs, Machines, and Capitalism, the writer Arthur Dahlberg warned of the danger posed to society by:
A)four-hour workdays.
B)government regulation of industry.
C)an excess of democracy.
D)disastrous materialism.
9
As portrayed in "The Gospel of Consumption," from its beginnings during the Hoover Administration in America the influence of the "gospel" has now spread even to distant countries, where people often work in sweatshop conditions.
A)True
B)False
10
As brought out in "Do We Consume Too Much?", in 1997, ethical or spiritual arguments for preserving nature were not frequently cited by those who wished to protect the environment because:
A)those arguments were from the nineteenth century and were old-fashioned.
B)nature was viewed as a resource for economic activity, not a refuge from it.
C)economic arguments had succeeded better in swaying public policy.
D)ethical arguments appeared overly objective and scientific in an era of such pressing scarcity.
11
As maintained in "Do We Consume Too Much?", in the 1990s biotechnology was unable to address the actual cause of famine because the availability of food was constrained less by the resource base than by the:
A)scarcity of fresh water.
B)mal-distribution of wealth.
C)problem of overpopulation.
D)exploitation of the South by the North.
12
As stated in "Do We Consume Too Much?", the essence of the global energy problem is not pollutants, but the depletion of resources.
A)True
B)False
13
In "How Much Should a Person Consume?", the author notes that, when it comes to the American exploitation of resources and the need for conservation, there is silence surrounding the question of:
A)increasing the supply of resources.
B)restraining the appetite in the United States for resources.
C)making more efficient use of available resources.
D)developing substitutes for the resources Americans use.
14
As noted in "How Much Should a Person Consume?", the United States was dubbed "the affluent society" by the economist:
A)John Stuart Mill.
B)Milton Friedman.
C)John Kenneth Galbraith.
D)Alan Greenspan.
15
As given in "How Much Should a Person Consume?", the author states that, in India, state monopolies in sectors such as steel, energy, transport, and communications are necessary to ensure proper pricing of these goods and services.
A)True
B)False
16
As put forth in "Consumption, Not Population, Is Our Main Environmental Threat," for a wide perspective of humanity's effects on the planet's life support systems, the best available measure is the:
A)individual consumer index.
B)ecosystem health assessment.
C)ecological footprint.
D)global integration matrix.
17
The author of "Consumption, Not Population, Is Our Main Environmental Threat" notes that, when it comes to the environment, it is a convenient argument for "over-consumers" in rich countries to blame:
A)over-regulators in their own government.
B)over-consumers in other rich countries.
C)under-providers of oil for energy needs.
D)over-breeders in distant lands.
18
As pointed out in "Consumption, Not Population, Is Our Main Environmental Threat," for the past century, rising per-capita incomes have outstripped the increase in world population several time over.
A)True
B)False
19
As asserted in "The Issue: Natural Resources, What Are They?", beyond materials extraction itself, environmental dangers are now also posed by:
A)increasing world population numbers.
B)increasing transport distances between extraction and final consumption.
C)rapid industrialization.
D)increased material intensity.
20
As described in "The Issue: Natural Resources, What Are They?", from 1980 to 2005, because of rapid industrialization, their share in global resource extraction was increased steadily in:
A)Chile.
B)Brazil.
C)China and India.
D)Latin America and Mexico.
21
As explained in "The Issue: Natural Resources, What Are They?", due to increasing world population numbers, as resource extraction grows, the average resource extraction per capita also grows.
A)True
B)False
22
The author of "Consumption and Consumerism" makes a point about world priorities by noting that the additional cost to provide reproductive health services for all women in all developing countries would be $12 billion, the same as is spent in Europe and the United States on:
A)perfume.
B)pornography.
C)cigarettes.
D)pet food.
23
As stated in "Consumption and Consumerism," the wealthiest 10 percent of the world's population accounted for:
A)24 percent of all consumption.
B)37 percent of all consumption.
C)59 percent of all consumption.
D)73 percent of all consumption.
24
As given in "Consumption and Consumerism," the richest fifth of the world's people consume 45 percent of all meat and fish.
A)True
B)False
25
As shown in "People and the Planet," a stark contrast in current global consumption that calls for urgent correction is that:
A)the Earth's capacity to meet human needs is finite.
B)the world's richest consume too much while those in extreme poverty do not consume enough.
C)increasing consumption is showing signs of unwanted impacts.
D)consumption is closely linked to economic models based on growth.
26
As defined in "People and the Planet," population is not only about growth in numbers, but also about:
A)per capita material consumption.
B)global collaboration and competition.
C)global technologies and infrastructures.
D)demographic changes such as age structure, migration and urbanization.
27
As mentioned in "People and the Planet," the highest fertility rates are now seen primarily in the most developed countries and increasingly in Asia and Latin America.
A)True
B)False
28
As related in "The Human Factor," the environmental catastrophe that E.O. Wilson warned about in 1980, which has since become known as the biodiversity crisis, is the:
A)invasion of the United States by foreign insect species from other countries.
B)controversy over the idea that human behavior has a basis in evolution.
C)loss of worldwide genetic and species diversity due to the destruction of natural habitats.
D)discovery that certain islands are species-rich while others are species-poor.
29
As recounted in "The Human Factor," observations of habitat loss and species extinction began with the study of:
A)ants and termites in the insect biomass.
B)bodies of freshwater that had been broken into fragments.
C)islands as laboratories of species formation and extinction.
D)the spread of Homo sapiens out of Africa 200,000 years ago.
30
As portrayed in "The Human Factor," E.O. Wilson compares the current threat of extinction to that of a giant meteorite strike and warns that catastrophic thresholds could be reached within this century.
A)True
B)False
31
As described in "Global Aging and the Crisis of the 2020s," the 2020s are set to be a decade of rapid population aging and population decline for the
A)world's developing nations.
B)world's wealthy nations.
C)Muslim world.
D)entire world.
32
As reported in "Global Aging and the Crisis of the 2020s," the "bucket of capabilities" perspective states that population aging
A)affects the manpower and economic resources a nation can deploy.
B)increases the ability of developed countries to play a major geopolitical role.
C)undermines global security for developed countries.
D)strengthens developed countries.
33
As noted in "Global Aging and the Crisis of the 2020s," economies with graying workforces are more likely to be entrepreneurial.
A)True
B)False
34
According to "The New Population Bomb: The Four Megatrends That Will Change the World," twenty-first-century international security will depend on:
A)how many people inhabit the world.
B)whether or not the world will be able to produce enough food for its populations.
C)how the world's population is composed and distributed.
D)the ability of global income to increase more than global population.
35
As noted in "The New Population Bomb: The Four Megatrends That Will Change the World," the extreme population growth in Europe reversed after World War I because:
A)the Industrial Revolution encouraged Europeans to take their skills to poorer countries.
B)a high percentage of young men of reproductive age died in the war.
C)many Europeans were lured to North America with the promise of better conditions.
D)basic healthcare and sanitation began to spread to poorer countries, increasing life expectancy there.
36
As claimed in "The New Population Bomb: The Four Megatrends That Will Change the World," over the next four decades, the vast majority of the world's GDP growth will occur in Europe and North America.
A)True
B)False
37
According to The Competitive Exclusion Principle, the research of Thomas Park demonstrates that we
A)completely understand the exclusion principle and are always able to predict the surviving species.
B)completely understand the exclusion principle but are not always able to predict the surviving species.
C)do not completely understand the exclusion principle and are not always able to predict the surviving species.
D)do not completely understand the exclusion principle but we are still always able to predict the surviving species.
38
According to The Competitive Exclusion Principle, the exclusion principle is
A)really a law regarding ecological thought.
B)one element in a system of ecological thought.
C)an hypothesis in need if empirical verification.
D)a theory regarding ecological thought.
39
According to The Competitive Exclusion Principle, the earliest expression of the essential elements of the exclusions principle were presented in
A)1864.
B)1884.
C)1894.
D)1904.
40
As reported in "Of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1%," in recent years, U.S. companies embarrassed about calling rewards to executives "performance bonuses" felt compelled to change the name to:
A)"cash incentives."
B)"retention bonuses."
C)"dividend distributions."
D)"additional executive compensation."
41
As spelled out in "Of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1%," the upper 1 percent of Americans every year take in:
A)about 5 percent of the nation's income.
B)nearly 10 percent of the nation's income.
C)nearly a quarter of the nation's income.
D)almost half of the nation's income.
42
As noted in "Of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1%," while the top 1 percent of Americans have seen their incomes rise 18 percent over the past decade, those in the middle class have had to be content with a mere 5 percent increase.
A)True
B)False
43
As detailed in "The New Economy of Nature," "ecosystem services" is a term meaning:
A)the value of the land that sustains interacting plants, animals, and microbes.
B)government regulation protecting such unique places as wetlands and watersheds.
C)services such as water purification that are provided for humans by the natural activity of an ecosystem.
D)services that if provided for one are provided for all, no matter who pays.
44
As related in "The New Economy of Nature," New York's 1997 decision to protect the Catskill/Delaware Watershed was a milestone because it:
A)saved a major city more than $400 billion on a measure to provide clean water.
B)led to a major review of the country's drinking-water systems under the Safe Drinking Water Act.
C)invested in the restoration of an ecosystem as if it were a precious piece of infrastructure.
D)delivered water of exceptional purity to the people of New York City and several upstate counties.
45
As shown in "The New Economy of Nature," the Catskill/Delaware Watershed provided New York City with pure drinking water for most of the twentieth century without a filtration plant or any treatment beyond small doses of chlorine and fluoride.
A)True
B)False
46
As expressed in "Environmental Justice for All," the "green rights" argument is a powerful cross-cultural message that strives to make sure that the green revolution is not just for those who:
A)can afford a Prius.
B)recycle.
C)have been on the green bandwagon since the 1970s.
D)hug trees.
47
As stated in "Environmental Justice for All," the new watchwords of today's environmental justice movement include all of the following, except "green:
A)justice."
B)esteem."
C)rights."
D)equality."
48
As pointed out in "Environmental Justice for All," the first wave of environmentalism in the United States was conservation, led by Native Americans.
A)True
B)False
49
According to "Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century," at temperatures much above 30 degrees Celsius:
A)yields of the most important food, feed, and fiber crops decline precipitously.
B)the need for refrigerated food storage grows exponentially.
C)wildfires break out and destroy many crops.
D)destructive insects breed uncontrollably and attack crops.
50
The authors of "Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century" note the effect of climate change by referring to the deaths of 30,000-50,000 people in 2003 from:
A)a tsunami in Asia.
B)wildfires in Australia.
C)a heat wave in Europe.
D)a flood in South America.
51
As stated in "Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century," the amount of arable land has not changed appreciably in more than half a century.
A)True
B)False
52
As mentioned in "The Cheeseburger Footprint," the carbon footprint or greenhouse-gas impact of a cheeseburger can also be viewed as its impact on:
A)food-industry economics.
B)global economics.
C)the cattle industry.
D)global warming.
53
As outlined in "The Cheeseburger Footprint," assuming three cheeseburgers per week per American citizen, the yearly greenhouse-gas impact of cheeseburger production and consumption is:
A)equal to 6.5 million SUVs per year.
B)equal to 11.1 million Hummer SUVs per year.
C)equal to the 16 million SUVs we now drive per year.
D)as if we drove 3.6 million more SUVs per year.
54
As set forth in "The Cheeseburger Footprint," when analyzing the carbon-dioxide emissions of various fuels used to create electricity, the results are considerably lower for coal than for natural gas.
A)True
B)False
55
As described in "The New Geopolitics of Food," the United States is no longer a global buffer against poor grain harvests and famine elsewhere because:
A)South Korea is now purchasing grain directly from U.S. farmers.
B)the rate at which the United States converts grain into ethanol has grown faster than world grain consumption.
C)China is now poised to compete with American consumers for the U.S. grain harvest.
D)the U.S. food-aid program that once worked to fend off famine has largely been replaced by the UN World Food Program.
56
As related in "The New Geopolitics of Food," two areas in which satellite images now show "dust bowls" formed by soil erosion and land mismanagement are:
A)Syria and Iraq.
B)China and Africa.
C)India and Japan.
D)North America and Saudi Arabia.
57
As outlined in "The New Geopolitics of Food," the rule of thumb among ecologists is that for every one degree Celsius rise in temperature above the growing season optimum, farmers can expect a five percent decline in grain yields.
A)True
B)False
58
According to "How to Feed 8 Billion People," the world is entering a new food era that will be marked by:
A)lower food prices.
B)a rapid increase in world hunger.
C)sharing land between countries for mutual benefit.
D)closing borders and hoarding resources.
59
As claimed in "How to Feed 8 Billion People," the weak link in our civilization is:
A)water.
B)land.
C)food.
D)fuel.
60
As noted in "How to Feed 8 Billion People," in the United States and Canada, which rank at the top of the food-consumption charts, grain is consumed primarily in its original state.
A)True
B)False
61
As noted in "Rethinking the Meat-Guzzler," one factor that is nourishing the global appetite for meat in recent years is:
A)lower market prices for meat.
B)government subsidies for meat production.
C)the proliferation of large-scale confined-animal feeding operations.
D)the possibility of "meat without feet."
62
As explained in "Rethinking the Meat-Guzzler," a figure comparable to the production of just 2.2 pounds of beef and its carbon dioxide emissions is:
A)lighting a 60-watt bulb for 20 days.
B)driving the ultra-efficient Prius 155 miles.
C)driving the average European car 155 miles.
D)switching from a Prius to the less efficient Camry.
63
As identified in "Rethinking the Meat Guzzler," one global result of the dependency of assembly-line meat factories on grain for feed is the destruction of vast swaths of the world's tropical rain forests.
A)True
B)False
64
As shown in "Chart: This is What You Eat in a Year," the food category in which an average American annually consumes the most (in weight) is:
A)fruits.
B)dairy.
C)vegetables.
D)red meat.
65
In the spring of 2008, as put forth in "The World's Water Challenge," the international community failed to predict all of the following related to water scarcity except:
A)a spike in food prices.
B)serious droughts affecting key regions of the world.
C)migration patterns related to famine.
D)a rise in energy prices.
66
More than half of the water suitable for human consumption, as described in "The World's Water Challenge," is used for:
A)agriculture.
B)power generation.
C)industry.
D)domestic purposes.
67
Of the 1.8 million people who lose their lives due to unsafe water each year, as noted in "The World's Water Challenge," almost half of them are children.
A)True
B)False
68
As identified in "Wet Dreams," the real ailment in current water consumption in the United States is the:
A)"51st state" composed of lawns, golf greens, and sports fields which consume 19 trillion gallons of water per year.
B)creation of water parks in Wisconsin Dells and waterfalls in Granite Bay backyards.
C)illusion of water abundance and lack of an ethic for water in America.
D)wasteful use of water in power plants, agriculture, and utilities both public and private.
69
As detailed in "Wet Dreams," the American water resource that a University of California study revealed to have a 50-50 chance of going dry by the year 2021 is:
A)the Colorado River.
B)Lake Mead.
C)the Floridan Aquifer.
D)the High Plains Aquifer.
70
As maintained in "Wet Dreams," America's water usage each day now exceeds the daily flow of the entire Mississippi River.
A)True
B)False
71
As brought out in "Water Footprints of Nations," a feature of consumption that significantly increases a country's water footprint is:
A)applying advanced techniques of rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation.
B)high levels of meat consumption by its citizens.
C)use of blue water rather than green water.
D)a reliance on wheat products rather than rice.
72
As related in "Water Footprints of Nations," the crop having the largest share in the total volume of water used for global crop production is:
A)cotton.
B)wheat.
C)corn.
D)rice.
73
As stipulated in "Water Footprints of Nations," the use of green water often affects the environment more than the use of blue water.
A)True
B)False
74
As identified in "The Big Melt," the plateau known as "The Roof of the World," the highest and largest plateau in the world, is the:
A)Antarctic Plateau.
B)Andean Plateau.
C)Colorado Plateau.
D)Tibetan Plateau.
75
According to "The Big Melt," China angered Indochina by damming the:
A)Yangtze River.
B)Brahmaputra River.
C)Mekong River.
D)Ganges River.
76
As quoted in "The Big Melt," Chinese glaciologist Yao Tandong believes that the shrinkage of the glaciers will lead to ecological catastrophe.
A)True
B)False
77
According to "Eating Fossil Fuels," the period in agriculture known as the Green Revolution increased world grain production 250 percent by:
A)harnessing more incipient solar energy to augment the use of fossil fuels.
B)fighting wars of exploration and conquest to expand Europe's agricultural base.
C)introducing agriculture to wide new vistas of land.
D)tapping into fossil fuels to expand production beyond what solar energy made possible.
78
As presented in "Eating Fossil Fuels," the most critical difference between solar energy and fossil fuels is that fossil fuels:
A)can be made into pesticides.
B)are a planetary energy deposit.
C)are non-renewable.
D)can be drawn on at a nearly limitless rate.
79
As discussed in "Eating Fossil Fuels," between 1945 and 1994, when four times more energy was consumed, three times as much food was produced in U.S. crop yields; today the U.S. food system consumes 10 times more energy and yields 10 times more food.
A)True
B)False
80
As presented in "The Myth of Mountaintop Removal Mining," the most misleading claim made by the coal industry about mountaintop removal mining (MTR) in the Appalachian Mountains is that:
A)MTR is supported by a majority of voters in Appalachian states.
B)employment provided by MTR will offset its environmental damages.
C)unique species destroyed by MTR will grow back after reclamation.
D)the coal industry pays for the costs of MTR to human health.
81
As noted in "The Myth of Mountaintop Removal Mining," HR 2018, the House plan called the Clean Water Cooperative Federalism Act of 2011, will:
A)enforce and even increase protection for Appalachian streams, rivers, and lakes.
B)help the Environmental Protection Agency address the human-health impacts of MTR.
C)restrict the Environmental Protection Agency's ability to veto permits issued by the Army Corps of Engineers.
D)help reclamation return Appalachian mountainsides to their original condition after mining.
82
As shown in "The Myth of Mountaintop Removal Mining," that MTR will bring prosperity to Southern Appalachia is demonstrated by studies showing improved socio-economic conditions in the heaviest coal-mining areas.
A)True
B)False
83
According to The Efficiency Dilemma, the fifth fuel is
A)coal.
B)oil.
C)efficiency.
D)nuclear.
84
According to The Efficiency Dilemma, if the U.S. were to embrace conservation measures, it could avoid
A)1.1 gigatons of greenhouse gas emissions.
B)1.1 megatons of greenhouse gas emissions.
C)1.1 terratons of greenhouse gas emissions.
D)1.1 kilotons of greenhouse gas emissions.
85
According to The Efficiency Dilemma, modern refrigerators, in spite of being 20% larger and 60% less expensive than their 1975 counterparts use
A)10% less energy.
B)25% less energy.
C)50% less energy.
D)75% less energy.
86
As presented in "Jevons' Paradox and the Perils of Efficient Energy Use," in the wake of the 2008 real-estate bubble-burst, some writers presented the end of cheap oil as a positive thing because it would:
A)finally teach consumers to limit oil consumption.
B)cause living in suburbs and exurbs to be replaced by living locally and sustainably.
C)replace fossil fuels with a solar-powered "microgrid."
D)force the government to raise gas taxes and put a price on carbon emissions.
87
As portrayed in "Jevons' Paradox and the Perils of Efficient Energy Use," in the debate over the "hypercar," Jevons' Paradox and the Piggy Principle support the idea that:
A)the more efficient hypercar will lead to energy conservation.
B)biofuels will solve the crisis of peak oil production.
C)consumers will use the hypercar to create hyper-sprawl.
D)the hypercar will be driven only in urban settings or people will walk.
88
As explained in "Jevons' Paradox and the Perils of Efficient Energy Use," Peak Oilers support the development of biofuels as a means to avert the peak oil crisis.
A)True
B)False
89
Recently, as described in "Rich Countries Launch Great Land Grab to Safeguard Food Supply," deals for leases and purchases of large tracts of arable land have accelerated because of:
A)rapidly increasing populations in buyer countries.
B)a surge in world food prices.
C)the effects of climate change.
D)political pressure backed up by military threats.
90
As related in "Rich Countries Launch Great Land Grab to Safeguard Food Supply," there is a fear in Africa that immense land deals will:
A)bring foreign control to some countries.
B)result in national economies being pegged to food prices.
C)lead to poor nations producing food for rich countries at the expense of their own hungry people.
D)cause civil wars.
91
As noted in "Rich Countries Launch Great Land Grab to Safeguard Food Supply," among Middle East countries, Saudi Arabia has stood out for encouraging domestic farming rather than looking to foreign countries for areas for food production.
A)True
B)False
92
As detailed in "Global Urbanization," data from the UN Population Division show that the coming urbanization will take place in areas that are just beginning the shift from rural to urban, which are:
A)Latin America and the Caribbean.
B)South America and the Caribbean.
C)Europe and the United States.
D)Africa and Southeast Asia.
93
As described in "Global Urbanization," two ways in which urban form is linked to energy use are:
A)control of the transportation sector and the heating and cooling of buildings.
B)per-capita growth in land area and levels of relative income.
C)water consumption and the desire for aesthetic and recreational pursuits.
D)low-density settlement and infrastructure-development patterns.
94
As claimed in "Global Urbanization," urbanization in poorer countries is a predictable demographic shift because as a country's development proceeds, more of its population lives in urban areas.
A)True
B)False
95
As identified in "Development at the Urban Fringe and Beyond," the ultimate drivers of land-use change are:
A)new infrastructure such as roads, sewers, and water supplies.
B)population growth and household formation.
C)automobile ownership and population decentralization.
D)rural residents leaving farms, and urban residents dispersing to suburbs.
96
As characterized in "Development at the Urban Fringe and Beyond," the benefits of conserving the rural landscape from development are difficult to estimate because:
A)development can prove profitable for some farmers if they adapt to their changing circumstances.
B)agricultural production can have its own negative environmental impacts.
C)there are no markets or observable prices for some characteristics of rural land, such as scenic amenity.
D)cumulative impacts from increasing development are not reflected in market prices until dis-amenities become large.
97
As noted in "Development at the Urban Fringe and Beyond," the U.S. Constitution reserves control of land use to the states, which have usually delegated this responsibility to local governments.
A)True
B)False
98
As presented in "The End of a Myth," when compared to its impact on land, the impact of human activity on marine life is magnified in frightening ways because:
A)the marine life that we target for human consumption is the marine equivalent of wolves, mountain lions, and grizzly bears.
B)life cycles in the sea differ from those on land in a way that spreads the impact of one human activity through all the stages of marine life.
C)7 to 13 percent of fish stocks have now collapsed and will never recover.
D)the ocean can only send its distress signals in forms such as slain cetaceans and lost coral debris.
99
As identified in "The End of a Myth," the microscopic organism that produces half of all plant matter on Earth and is now threatened by a warming, more stratified ocean is called:
A)zooplankton.
B)siphonophores.
C)krill.
D)phytoplankton.
100
As outlined in "The End of a Myth," changes in global temperature send more rain and fresh melt-water into the ocean, altering its density by altering its salinity.
A)True
B)False
101
As detailed in "Land-Use Choices," within a particular region, land use potentially follows a series of transitions that parallel:
A)ecosystem function.
B)human-population densities.
C)economic development.
D)agricultural production.
102
As identified in "Land-Use Choices," during the intensive-agriculture state of the land-use transition, the major ecosystem consequence in terms of greenhouse gas emissions is likely to be:
A)nitrous oxide emissions from fertilizer use.
B)carbon dioxide emissions resulting from removal of the initial biomass.
C)the unintended consequence of reduced sequestration of carbon.
D)reduced climate regulation due to altered water flows to the atmosphere.
103
As shown in "Land-Use Choices," because urban areas cover only a small percentage of the landscape, the food demand generated by urban residents alters only a small area of land.
A)True
B)False
104
As detailed in "Economic Report into Biodiversity Crisis Reveals Price of Consuming the Planet," reports published by leading economist and senior banker Pavan Sukhdev for the global Convention on Biological Diversity provided:
A)monetary figures for the economic impact of climate change.
B)an action plan for biodiversity in the United Kingdom.
C)recommendations for how to use economic values to protect different parts of nature.
D)an assessment of species that are now extinct or globally threatened.
105
As quoted in "Economic Report into Biodiversity Crisis Reveals Price of Consuming the Planet," Pavan Sukhdev described the destruction of the natural world as "a landscape of market failures" and saw the nub of the problem as the:
A)ratio of the cost of conserving biodiversity to the benefits of doing so.
B)speed of species loss, which occurs faster than new species can evolve.
C)combined cost of damage to the environment by the world's 3,000 biggest companies.
D)lack of a cost for the services provided by nature, so that they are not valued until they are lost.
106
As cited in "Economic Report into Biodiversity Crisis Reveals Price of Consuming the Planet," one impact of species loss that is already visible is rioting over a shortage of food.
A)True
B)False
107
As identified in "Putting People in the Map," a useful indicator of the form and intensity of human interactions with ecosystems that helped to identify anthropogenic biomes is:
A)vegetation type.
B)climate variation.
C)population density.
D)terrestrial processes.
108
As explained in "Putting People in the Map," the most extensive of the densely populated biomes in terms of land area, most commonly found in Asia, is the:
A)village biome.
B)dense-settlement biome.
C)cropland biome.
D)rangeland biome.
109
As pointed out in "Putting People in the Map," although the majority of people live in dense settlements and villages, these biomes cover just seven percent of Earth's ice-free land.
A)True
B)False
110
As set forth in "Theses on Sustainability," what is sustainable will be decided by:
A)mainstream economics.
B)moral vision.
C)social cohesion.
D)nature.
111
As stipulated in "Theses on Sustainability," environmentalism must now:
A)use moral admonition to achieve sustainability.
B)become an economic vision.
C)collaborate with comprehensive energy policy.
D)accept a larger ecological footprint in order to create wealth.
112
As shown in "Theses on Sustainability," the 1987 UN Brundtland Report asserted that through technological development, humans can solve any problems brought about by the limits of natural ecosystems.
A)True
B)False
113
As described in "Collaborative Consumption," the painful chord struck by the character Jack in the movie Fight Club, one which reflects the modern consumer mindset, is:
A)working a job that he hates.
B)experiencing anti-consumerist sentiments.
C)experiencing the addictive feeling of always wanting more than you have.
D)having too much stuff.
114
As presented in "Collaborative Consumption," political scientist Robert Lane points out that the appetite of our present materialism depends not only on stirring up our wants, but also on:
A)not satisfying them.
B)appealing to our self-interest.
C)creating concern for the collective good.
D)creating a vision of "perfect things" in our minds.
115
As explained in "Collaborative Consumption," the research of Richard Layard led to a graph that illustrates that since 1957, the number of Americans who said they were "very happy" rose as indicators of their income and consumption also rose.
A)True
B)False
116
As described in "Toward a New Consciousness," the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies conference focused on cultural values that lead to environmentally destructive behavior in:
A)poorer countries in the developing world.
B)urbanizing societies of dense population that are far removed from nature.
C)affluent societies, including the rise of Western-style affluence in the developing world.
D)agricultural communities that view the environment as an endless cornucopia.
117
As defined in "Toward a New Consciousness," the term "economism" means:
A)separating the world into simplistic, separate, and opposing categories.
B)the vision of an endless bounty of nature.
C)breaking complex areas of study into smaller and smaller parts.
D)understanding "reality" and the value of others and nature from our particular position in the economic system.
118
As noted in "Toward a New Consciousness," in the Anthropocene era, human beings were dominated by sweeping forces of change on planet Earth.
A)True
B)False
119
As portrayed in "Consuming Passions," heroic consumers are those who:
A)sacrifice their own wealth for the well-being of others.
B)exhort human beings to look at their impact on the Earth.
C)leave a large inheritance for their children.
D)lay claim to a disproportionate share of the Earth's resources.
120
As noted in "Consuming Passions," the heroic laborers known as Stakhanovites were named after:
A)a coalminer who supported socialism in 1935 by vastly exceeding his assigned work quota.
B)an economist who wrote a Theory of the Leisure Class at the end of the nineteenth century.
C)a consumer who owned several yachts, extravagant couture, and priceless jewels.
D)a socialist who said that human energy "slumbered in the lap of social labor."
121
As explained in "Consuming Passions," Thorstein Veblen saw conspicuous wastefulness as a replacement for primitive displays of physical prowess.
A)True
B)False
122
As presented in "Reversal of Fortune," the centuries since Adam Smith launched modern economics with his book The Wealth of Nations have been single-mindedly devoted to the dogged pursuit of:
A)distributed wealth.
B)individualized wealth.
C)maximum economic production.
D)global economic equality.
123
As set forth in "Reversal of Fortune," in some ways, the invention of the idea of economic growth was almost as significant as the invention of:
A)war.
B)movable type.
C)fossil-fuel power.
D)nuclear medicine.
124
As noted in "Reversal of Fortune," mainstream liberals and conservatives no longer compete on the question of who can flog the economy harder.
A)True
B)False





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