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1
As discussed in "Was Darwin Wrong?", the main difference between evolutionary theory and the other scientific theories mentioned in the article is that evolutionary theory is
A)based on so many other branches of science.
B)unacceptable to a large proportion of people.
C)largely unproven.
D)attributed to the work of one scientist instead of many.
2
As defined in "Was Darwin Wrong?", Darwin called the phenomenon ofspecies splitting and specializing the principle of
A)speciation.
B)divergence.
C)evolution.
D)creation.
3
The evidence for evolution provided by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species included the fact that
A)geographically adjacent areas of South America never have "closely allied" species.
B)closely allied species tend to be found adjacent to one another in successive geological strata.
C)embryos of mammals and embryos of reptiles are uniquely different and do not go through similar stages of development.
D)although creationist assumptions include the idea that patterned similarities between creatures were ordained by God, no such patterns can actually be seen in nature.
4
As noted in "Was Darwin Wrong?", evolutionary theory is rejected not only by fundamentalist Christians, but also by ultraorthodox Jews, Islamic creationists, and some Hare Krishnas.
A)True
B)False
5
As given in "The Facts of Evolution," the debate about evolution has become a fight between science and
A)history.
B)economics.
C)religion.
D)metaphysics.
6
As presented in "The Facts of Evolution," Ernst Mayr's general tenets of evolutionary theory include all of the following except
A)descent with modification.
B)fossil gaps.
C)natural selection.
D)gradualism.
7
Which of the following is true of natural selection, according to Michael Shermer?
A)it is a force, not a process.
B)it can anticipate changes that will be needed for survival.
C)it is the equivalent of a warehouse full of parts randomly assorting themselves into a jumbo jet.
D)the time frame is long and the changes from generation to generation are subtle.
8
As noted in "The Facts of Evolution," evolution is a historical science, and historical data—fossils—are often the evidence most cited for and against it.
A)True
B)False
9
Darwin found, as shown in "The Facts of Evolution," that the time frame of evolution is short and that the changes from generation to generation are dramatic.
A)True
B)False
10
As set forth in "Evolution in Action," the species that are demonstrating observable evolution include all of the following except
A)grayling.
B)sticklebacks.
C)monkeys.
D)flies.
11
As reported in "Evolution in Action," when evolutionary biologists Peter and Rosemary Grant observed Galapagos finches, they noted that
A)finches evolved only when weather conditions remained stable.
B)evolutionary changes among finches were occurring so slowly they were barely perceptible.
C)the finches were evolving rapidly.
D)finches evolved only where there were large numbers of predators.
12
Microevolution refers to the situation in which
A)a species becomes smaller over time.
B)there are changes in already small creatures such as microbes.
C)a population acquires small, inherited changes through natural selection.
D)evolution which can only be directly observed under a microscope.
13
According to "Evolution in Action," in the decades after Darwin's death, dozens of scientists were fascinated with the concept of evolution and attempted to witness it in action.
A)True
B)False
14
Macroevolution refers to the situation in which a species becomes larger in a very short period of time.
A)True
B)False
15
According to the author of "The Other Darwinism," his political philosophy sits somewhere
A)far left of center.
B)right of the British Conservative party.
C)between that of his parents, a royalist and a revolutionary.
D)in the middle of the Atlantic.
16
Which of the following seems paradoxical to Franz De Waal ("The Other Darwinism")? The American
A)embrace of competition along with the appreciation of family, companionship, collegiality and civic responsibility.
B)belief in "Social Darwinism" along with the widespread disbelief in evolution.
C)belief in Christian compassion even while dismissing poverty as proof of laziness and social justice as weakness.
D)all of the above.
17
Which of the following positions does De Waal take?
A)Empathy is an illusion.
B)The "selfish gene" is a useful analogy for understanding the actual motives of humans and animals.
C)Some human traits, such as the sex drive, evolved for one set of reasons, but are often expressed for other reasons.
D)If we expect humans to always be unconditionally trusting and cooperative, they will be.
18
When Governor Bobby Jindal signed the Louisiana Science Education Act into law, it was clear that
A)he had never taken a university level science class.
B)a law promoting critical thinking, logical analysis and open and objective discussion in the classroom was needed.
C)the law specifically targeted the teaching of evolution.
D)politics was not involved.
19
As pointed out in "The Latest Face of Creationism," the Supreme Court has rejected a number of policies that require the teaching of creationism in science classes because it violates the constitutional
A)Free Speech Amendment.
B)division of federal and states' rights.
C)amendment regarding eminent domain.
D)Establishment Clause.
20
According to "The Latest Face of Creationism," creationists criticize evolution on the assumption that the only alternative to that view is creationism.
A)True
B)False
21
As suggested in "Why Should Students Learn Evolution?" unless one appreciates the perennial struggle among individuals and populations for survival in a particular ecological niche
A)rules for engaging socially cannot be constructed.
B)one cannot understand the living world of which humans are a part.
C)economics would have no meaning.
D)all of the above
22
As stated in "Why Should Students Learn Evolution?" if one took away the basic context of all biological sciences, all that would be left would be
A)disparate facts without the thread that ties them all together.
B)hope and luck.
C)DNA and RNA.
D)research and supposition.
23
According to "Why Should Students Learn Evolution?", the evolutionary process can be seen in the fact that
A)function is adapted to form.
B)organisms never have nonadaptive features.
C)when populations split from their ancestral populations, genetic differences accumulate.
D)evolution has nothing to do with such fields as philosophy, psychology, literature and the arts.
24
As indicated in "Why Should Students Learn Evolution?" evolutionary explanations answer key questions in the biological sciences, such as why organisms across species have so many striking similarities yet are tremendously diverse.
A)True
B)False
25
Sarah Blaffer Hrdy found pathological hostility toward infants among Hanuman langur adult males ("First Kill the Babies") to be the result of
A)overcrowding.
B)regular feeding by people.
C)males coming into a troop from the outside.
D)all of the above.
26
Which of the following is true about infanticide among humans?
A)In America, a biological child is just as likely to be the victim of infanticide as a step-child.
B)In some circumstances, a mother abandoning a child is just as maternal and adaptive as raising a child.
C)It is unknown among people who engage in hunting and foraging.
D)All of the above are true.
27
As a sociobiologist, Sarah Blaffer Hrdy claims that there is a particular gene that is responsible for infanticide.
A)True
B)False
28
Which of the following was true of the tarsier attack on the python, as observed by Sharon Gursky-Doyen? It
A)was brazen and coordinated.
B)involved at last six adults.
C)was carried out by a nocturnal species while most such attacks are carried out by diurnal species.
D)all of the above.
29
Which of the following is true of tarsiers? They
A)have the largest eyes of any mammal.
B)give birth to several offspring at a time.
C)are vegetarians.
D)all of the above.
30
Gursky-Doyen found polygyny among spectral tarsiers to be limited by
A)access to high-quality sleeping sits.
B)insect abundance.
C)territory size.
D)all of the above.
31
Sharon Gursky-Doyen found spectral tarsiers to be much less social than previously thought.
A)True
B)False
32
According to Birute Galdikas ("Mission Orangutan"), the most serious threat driving the orangutans to extinction has to do with
A)poaching.
B)logging.
C)the planting of palm oil.
D)mining for gold.
33
Orangutans are especially vulnerable to extinction because they
A)do not take care of their young.
B)produce only one offspring about every 8 years.
C)sleep on the ground and subject to very heavy predation.
D)are very aggressive and are known for killing their own kind.
34
Orangutans killed by people because
A)plantation workers consider them to be pests.
B)local people eat their meat.
C)poachers slaughter the females in order to capture the babies. which are then sold as pets.
D)of all of the above.
35
According to "The 2% Difference," the two percent difference between humans and chimps is reflected in the fact that
A)humans have more genes related to olfaction.
B)chimps are more resistant to tuberculosis.
C)chimps have more genes involved in neural development.
D)chimps have more genes related to olfaction.
36
As suggested in "The 2% Difference," genetic changes arise through all of the following except
A)insertion.
B)mutation.
C)adaptation.
D)deletion.
37
As stated in "The 2% Difference," the differences between chimp and human genes boil down to a kind of "typographical error" whereby one nucleotide is swapped for another and alters the gene in which it sits.
A)True
B)False
38
As stated in "The Mind of the Chimpanzee," Jane Goodall maintains that chimpanzees
A)are not as intelligent as was originally thought.
B)are slow at problem solving.
C)have individual personalities.
D)are poor subjects for primate studies.
39
When Jane Goodall began her studies, as discussed in her article "The Mind of the Chimpanzee," it was not acceptable to
A)study chimpanzees in the wild.
B)talk about an animal's mind.
C)advocate using chimpanzees for medical research.
D)ignore personality characteristics when doing animal research.
40
According to "The Mind of the Chimpanzee," Lucy, having been raised by humans, was no longer purely chimp.
A)True
B)False
41
Compared to laboratory studies, Jane Goodall believes that studies of animals in the wild are easier, but less meaningful.
A)True
B)False
42
As claimed in "Got Culture?" the notion of culture most relevant to primatologists is one that is
A)identical to that used by most other cultural theorists.
B)closely linked to a written language.
C)manifested in at least rudimentary technologies, such as the construction of simple machines.
D)broader than that normally used by cultural theorists.
43
As characterized as "Got Culture?" the most plausible explanation for differences among the chimpanzee tool industries in Africa is that they reflect
A)genetic differences.
B)different ecological conditions.
C)different learned traditions.
D)differences in the human communities from whom these behaviors were learned.
44
Craig Stanford has found chimpanzee groups to vary in
A)courtship behavior.
B)hunting tactics.
C)the kinds of animals they hunt.
D)all of the above.
45
Which of the following seems to explain tool use among chimps and its absence among bonobos, according to Stanford?
A)a strong element of chance that a cultural tradition will develop.
B)brain size differences.
C)environmental necessity.
D)having the anatomical prerequisites, such as flexible hands.
46
In the Tai Forest, chimpanzee mothers instruct their children in tool use by actually assisting them in placing the nut in the anvil in the proper way.
A)True
B)False
47
As noted in "Dim Forest, Bright Chimps," chimpanzees living in the forest differ from those on the savanna in how they
A)hunt.
B)communicate.
C)fight with each other.
D)sleep.
48
The red colobus monkey is the favorite hunting target of the Tai chimps because the monkey
A)travels primarily on the ground.
B)does not travel in groups.
C)is relatively large and sluggish.
D)puts up no resistance.
49
The Tai chimp patrol into foreign territory is
A)noisy.
B)for the purpose of territorial defense.
C)for hunting animals.
D)for capturing females.
50
The authors of "Dim Forest, Bright Chimps" were surprised to discover that the Tai chimps eat meat.
A)True
B)False
51
According to Robert Sapolsky, among primate groups in which killing of their own kind occurs,
A)it is always the males, not the females that kill.
B)they sometimes even use their tool-making skills to fashion weapons.
C)unlike humans there is never organized, proactive group violence directed at other populations.
D)all of the above are true.
52
According to Robert Sapolsky, the savanna baboon troop he lived with and studied became more peaceful and less hierarchical because
A)they lived in a forest rather than in the grasslands.
B)the most aggressive and least social of their members died off in a tuberculosis epidemic.
C)they came to have an assured food supply in the form of a garbage dump at a game lodge.
D)all the natural predators in the home range, such as lions and cheetahs had been exterminated.
53
Without exception, when experimental subjects are presented with a face of someone from a different race, the brain's amygdala, which plays a key role in fear and aggression, gets metabolically.
A)True
B)False
54
Recent studies described in "What Are Friends For?" suggest that
A)females are passive objects of male competition.
B)cooperation between genders is not uncommon among baboons.
C)male/female friendships are unusual in the wild.
D)males never provide child care.
55
Which of the following did Barbara Smuts find to be true among the baboons that she studied?
A)sexual pairings are completely random.
B)when it comes to mating, females are merely passive objects of male competition.
C)a female does not mate when she is pregnant or lactating.
D)a typical female is sexually active for more than 50% of her life.
56
According to Barbara Smuts, among baboons,
A)older females tend to be friends with younger males.
B)females tend to have more friends than males.
C)one of the main advantages of female friendship with a male is protection from attack from other baboons.
D)females have more friends than do males.
57
Which of the following is true of the baboons studied by Barbara Smuts?
A)males who were friends with a mother, but not likely the father of her infant, do not develop a relationship with her infant.
B)females typically mate with both friends and non-friends, but prior friendship increases the likelihood of mating.
C)Males regularly challenge consorts involving a pair that share a long-term friendship.
D)Adolescent and young females tend to have longer, more stable friendships than do older females.
58
Male baboons, as claimed in "What Are Friends For?" are particularly solicitous guardians of their friends' youngest infants.
A)True
B)False
59
As noted in "What's Love Got to Do With It?" a difference between bonobos and other primates is that
A)females only demonstrate sexual behavior when they are fertile.
B)they have especially unrestrained sexual behavior.
C)they use sex only for purposes of reproduction.
D)they rarely have sexual contact with other members of the same gender.
60
According to Meredith Small, bonobo sexual behavior results in
A)increased tension between females.
B)increased tension between males.
C)increased tension between males and females.
D)none of the above, since sex actually functions to reduce tension among bonobos in general.
61
An important function of GG-rubbing between bonobo females has to do with
A)making males jealous.
B)inciting males to rape females.
C)aiding in the assimilation of females into new communities.
D)keeping female from becoming friendly with each other.
62
Among the bonobos, sexual behavior is used to cement bonds between
A)males.
B)Females.
C)the two sexes.
D)all of the above.
63
Which of the following is true?
A)Bonobos and chimps share a common ancestry more recently than either share a common ancestry with humans.
B)Bonobos and humans share a more recent common ancestry to the exclusion of chimps.
C)Humans and chimps share a common ancestry to the exclusion of bonobos.
D)The bonobos, chimpanzee and human lines all split from each other at the same time.
64
A Bonobos differ from chimps in
A)frequently copulating face to face.
B)never walking upright.
C)being larger in body size.
D)having shorter legs.
65
Sexual encounters among bonobos may occur
A)between males, after an aggressive encounter.
B)between females in order to cement relationships.
C)among the young.
D)in all of the above ways.
66
According to Meredith F. Small, whereas human females go shopping together and chimp females may groom each other, bonobo females will achieve the same bonding effect by
A)hunting.
B)GG-rubbing.
C)beating up on a male.
D)gathering honey.
67
According to Szalay and Costello, "hidden heat" appeared in humans in relation to the trend towards
A)upright posture.
B)increased brain size.
C)reduction of body hair.
D)increased stereoscopic vision.
68
Most of the time, as suggested in "What's Love Got to Do With It?" bonobo sex has nothing to do with making babies.
A)True
B)False
69
When a woman is in her infertile, non-ovulatory phase of her monthly cycle or is pregnant, she is more likely to prefer
A)the nice-guy provider.
B)to watch romantic movies.
C)wear more revealing clothes.
D)all of the above.
70
Research has shown that women take more risks and experience more pleasure during which of days of their menstrual cycle?
A)follicular.
B)luteal.
C)fertile.
D)pre-ovulatory.
71
According to evolutionary psychologist, Gordon Gallup, a woman who is going for a job interview should time it with
A)her fertility period.
B)the luteal phase of her menstrual cycle.
C)the follicular phase of her menstrual cycle.
D)none of the above, since she should do so while taking birth control pills.
72
Research indicates that women prefer quite different kinds of men depending on whether or not they are fertile.
A)True
B)False
73
According to Thomas Kirkwood ("Why Women Live Longer"),
A)men drive themselves to an early grave with all the hardship and stress of their working lives.
B)the mortality gap between men and women is diminishing.
C)with respect to life expectancy, men get a much better deal out of marriage than do women.
D)all of the above.
74
Which of the following is the least important for our species?
A)growing.
B)durability, meaning length of life span.
C)reproducing.
D)immortality of our genes.
75
Which of the following is true?
A)women live longer because they are less disposable than men.
B)surgical removal of the ovaries in female rats results in their bodies repairing themselves better.
C)castration of males reduces their life span.
D)all of the above are true.
76
Men spend more years of old age in poor health than do women.
A)True
B)False
77
Compared to the situation among apes, human mothers in foraging societies need more help in rearing offspring because
A)they give birth about every four years.
B)human babies mature more slowly.
C)it takes at least 10 million calories to rear a young human to independence.
D)All of the above are true.
78
As explained in "Mothers and Others," cooperative breeding
A)exists only in primitive societies.
B)has enabled humans to thrive in many new environments.
C)has no place in the modern world.
D)is practiced only by non-primate mammals.
79
As cited in "Mothers and Others," the critical variable in the NICHD study of children and their families was
A)how secure infants felt when cared for by someone else.
B)the amount of time an infant spent apart from its mother.
C)whether or not the mother worked.
D)the role of the father or other males in an infant's life.
80
Which of the following does Sarah Blaffer Hrdy believe may be the most important for the survival of weaned children during food shortages?
A)older men
B)older women
C)older siblings of such children
D)young unmarried females in general
81
As stated in "Mothers and Others," cooperative breeding only occurs among humans.
A)True
B)False
82
According to Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, since the end of the Pleistocene, whether in pre-industrial or industrial environments, some children have been surviving levels of social neglect that previously would have meant death.
A)True
B)False
83
Charles Darwin proposed that Africa would be the place to find the fossils of human ancestors because
A)it had the kinds of foods that humans are capable of eating.
B)he thought that the human anatomy is most closely allied to that of the African apes.
C)early stone tools had already been found there.
D)African rock art depicted early hominid creatures.
84
As put forth in "The Human Family's Earliest Ancestors," one of the conclusions drawn from Ardi's bones is that early humans did not go through a stage of
A)cave-dwelling.
B)tree-dwelling.
C)knuckle-walking.
D)stone-tool making.
85
The "Ardi" research challenges the long-held view that humans evolved in
A)South Africa.
B)the grassy savanna of Africa.
C)the tropical forest of central Africa.
D)the Sahara desert.
86
Which of the following were characteristic of Ardipithecus ramidus, according to its finders? It
A)had large, sharp canines.
B)exhibits a larger body size for males than for females.
C)a larger brain than some of the later hominids.
D)powerful hip and thigh muscles.
87
Conclusions reached in "Scavenger Hunt," about early hominids include the fact that
A)they were accomplished hunters.
B)their teeth were those of scavengers.
C)their principal method of food preparation was cooking.
D)fossil remains cannot prove much about the eating habits of such animals.
88
The only pure scavengers alive in Africa today, according to "Scavenger Hunt," are:
A)spotted hyenas.
B)jackals.
C)vultures.
D)wild dogs.
89
The two strategies involved in scavenging are characterized by Pat Shipman as the
A)bully and the sneak.
B)chaser and the stalker.
C)meat-eater and the vegetarian.
D)hunter and the hunted.
90
Bipedalism, as suggested in "Scavenger Hunt," is compatible with a scavenging strategy.
A)True
B)False
91
For Pat Shipman, convincing evidence that early hominids did some scavenging lies in the fact that they sometimes made their cut marks on bones after carnivores had made their tooth marks.
A)True
B)False
92
According to "The Scavenging of "Peking Man"," new evidence from the cave at Longgushan
A)reinforces the findings first made in the 1920s.
B)confirms that Peking man was cannibalistic.
C)gives a leading role to Homo sapiens at the site.
D)shows that its primary use was not as a home for early humans.
93
According to "The Scavenging of Peking Man," most of the hominid bone breakage at Longgushan seems to have been caused by
A)accidents before death, since they had partially healed over.
B)giant hyenas.
C)crushing by cave rocks long after fossilization.
D)cannibalism
94
As given in "The Scavenging of "Peking Man"," Peking man lived as recently as
A)300,000 years ago.
B)100,000 years ago.
C)60,000 years ago.
D)35,000 years ago.
95
As reported in "The Scavenging of "Peking Man"," skull studies show that Peking man's brain was 75 percent larger than those of Homo sapiens.
A)True
B)False
96
The hominid evidence at Longgushan ("The Scavenging of Peking Man") consists mostly of limb bones.
A)True
B)False
97
According to "Hard Times Among the Neanderthals," research on fossils
A)reveals the Neanderthals to have been excessively violent in their nature.
B)shows the Neanderthals to be less similar to modern humans than was previously imagined.
C)is a rare area of agreement among experts in human paleontology.
D)reveals a considerable amount about the way the Neanderthals lived.
98
Robustness among the Neanderthals is found in
A)adult males.
B)adult females.
C)Children.
D)all of the above.
99
The first recognized fossil remains of Neanderthals, according to "Hard Times Among the Neanderthals," were discovered in 1856 in:
A)China.
B)Tanzania.
C)Germany.
D)Iraq.
100
As claimed in "Hard Times Among the Neanderthals," it is usually impossible to determine from fossilized remains the cause of an individual's death.
A)True
B)False
101
As recalled in "Rethinking Neanderthals," recent studies suggest that Neanderthals
A)developed sophisticated societies among their unfriendly neighbors.
B)never really existed.
C)were imaginative enough to carve artful objects and invent a language.
D)migrated from Canada.
102
As claimed in "Rethinking Neanderthals," Neanderthals were as big-brained as
A)the ancient Egyptians.
B)the anatomically modern humans that later colonized Europe.
C)Asian fossils found in lower Mongolia.
D)modern humans.
103
According to Joe Alper ("Rethinking Neanderthals"), Neanderthals should be considered successful in the sense that they
A)lasted more modern Homo sapiens in Europe.
B)lasted so long and were able to survive in hostile, changing environments.
C)their genes are just as well represented in today's humans as those of Cro-Magnons.
D)all of the above.
104
Which of the following seems to have been true of each Neanderthal group?
A)It had about 10-15 individuals.
B)It ranged over a very extensive area
C)There was very little or no intermarriage between each group.
D)All of the above.
105
We have evidence of Neanderthals
A)using spears.
B)making knives.
C)scraping hides.
D)all of the above.
106
Neanderthal fossils suggest, as brought out in "Rethinking Neanderthals," that the Neanderthals must have endured a lot of pain.
A)True
B)False
107
Neanderthals lived in Western Europe during the ice age.
A)True
B)False
108
As stated in "Twilight of the Neanderthals," what are thought to have been the last of the Neanderthals lived in the area now known as
A)Alsace.
B)Denmark.
C)Sicily.
D)Gibraltar.
109
According to Clive Finlayson (cited in "Twilight of the Neanderthals"), the Neanderthals probably died out because
A)it became too warm.
B)it became too cold.
C)they were unable to adjust to the great fluctuations of climatic conditions.
D)there were not enough animals left to hunt.
110
As given in "Twilight of the Neanderthals," the best summary of the relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals is to say that
A)modern humans evolved from Neanderthals.
B)Neanderthals and modern humans interbred extensively.
C)Neanderthals died out long before modern humans emigrated to Europe.
D)Neanderthals and humans coexisted for 15,000 years before Neanderthals died out.
111
As stated in" Twilight of the Neanderthals," of all the hominids, Neanderthals were our closest relatives.
A)True
B)False
112
With respect to the "replacement model" vs. the "multiregional model" for the origins of modern humans, new DNA analyses indicate that
A)archaic and modern humans did not breed together at all.
B)archaic and modern humans bred together at a low level of admixture.
C)archaic and modern humans bred together extensively.
D)any conclusions are still unwarranted.
113
The most genetically diverse people in the world are
A)Africans.
B)Europeans.
C)Asians.
D)Australian Aborigines.
114
Neanderthal (or "archaic Homo sapiens) DNA has been found in Europe, but nowhere else in the world.
A)True
B)False
115
Anthropologists today view the human lineage as a
A)simple and linear development towards us.
B)a tree with just a few limbs on it.
C)a thickly branched bush.
D)a horizontal zig-zag line with progress at some points and regression at others.
116
Which of the following seems to be true regarding modern humans and Neanderthals?
A)The Neanderthals vanished without leaving any traces of DNA in modern peoples.
B)European ancestry is just as much Neanderthal as it is African.
C)Today, 1 to 4 percent of the genome for populations living outside of Africa is Neanderthal.
D)Neanderthals migrated to Africa during the last ice age and contributed about 10 percent of their genetic legacy there.
117
Which of the following is true of Ardipithecus ramidus, according to those who think it was a human predecessor? It
A)lived in a wooded area rather than on a savanna.
B)was adapted for tree-climbing.
C)was capable of bipedalism.
D)all of the above.
118
According to Owen Lovejoy, the relatively small and blunted canines of A. ramidus is a reflection of the fact that the males of the species
A)no longer fought each other for females, but instead won them over by provisioning them and their children with food.
B)now fought each other with sophisticated tools.
C)were cracking shells to get at nuts.
D)were now hunting animals with traps and spears rather than their bare hands and teeth.
119
Which of the following represents a consensus regarding Flo (Homo floresiensis)? She was
A)a direct descendant of Homo erectus.
B)a diseased individual suffering from microcephaly which causes the brain and head to be pathologically small.
C)a direct descendant of an australopithecine.
D)most likely a normal, non-diseased human, albeit one with a very very unusual form.
120
The biggest "shock" regarding Flo (H. floresiensis) has to do with her
A)small brain, given the sophistication of the associated tools.
B)small overall body size.
C)walking upright.
D)being found on such a remote island.
121
The Neanderthal genome shows more similarity with non-African modern humans throughout Europe and Asia than with African modern humans.
A)True
B)False
122
According to John J. Shea ("Refuting a Myth About Human Origins"), changes in human tool technology from the time of archaic Homo sapiens to that of modern Homo sapiens is the result of changes in
A)intellectual ability.
B)human anatomy.
C)adaptive strategies.
D)all of the above.
123
Which of the following is true?
A)humans did not migrate out of Africa and into Asia and Australia until they had all acquired Upper Paleolithic tools.
B)the cranial anatomy of the migrants to Asia and Australia is identical to that of their African forebears.
C)early Homo sapiens in Africa exhibit many of the many of the behaviors seen in the European Upper Paleolithic such as intensive fishing and the use of complex projectile weapons.
D)all of the above.
124
The simplest way to obtain a cutting edge from a stone is the
A)pebble-core reduction method.
B)Levallois technique.
C)prismatic-blade core technology.
D)geometric microlith technology.
125
The way to make versatile and efficiently transportable stone tools in a period of hypervariable climate is by using the
A)geometric microlith technique.
B)prismatic-blade core method.
C)Levallois technology.
D)large, bifacial core.
126
The differences in tool technology between the Neandethals and modern Homo sapiens is due to the "language gene."
A)True
B)False
127
As reported in "The Birth of Childhood," recent studies by Harvard paleoanthropologist Tanya Smith indicate that for the first members of our species, Homo sapiens, some 200,000 years ago in Africa, childhood
A)lasted only 4 or 5 years.
B)lasted longer than it does for modern humans.
C)had begun to extend compared with earlier species but was still much shorter than for modern humans.
D)was fully extended.
128
Which of the following is true about modern human reproduction?
A)Human mothers start having babies earlier than do chimpanzee mothers.
B)Human mothers in forager societies without birth control have more babies and have them at a faster rate than do chimpanzee mothers.
C)human mothers who start having babies after age 19 have fewer surviving babies.
D)it takes more of an extended family to provision and care for the young among chimpanzees than it does among humans.
129
As noted in "The Birth of Childhood," slow-growing, large-bodied animals, such as rhinos, elephants, and chimpanzees, differ from humans in that they are threatened with extinction in part because they delay reproduction.
A)True
B)False
130
In general, for humans, the earlier a baby is weaned, the more social support there is to feed such children and the more closely spaced the births are.
A)True
B)False
131
Which of the following characteristics of the brain in dolphins surpasses that of any primate?
A)a high encephalization quotient.
B)neocortical gyrification, or folding of the cerebral cortex.
C)the Von Economo neurons, which have been linked in people to social fluency and the ability to sense what others think.
D)all of the above.
132
Which of the following is true, according to Stanford and Bearzi and Staford (A Bigger, Better Brain)? Chimpanzees
A)have cultural traditions.
B)have some language capabilities.
C)recognize themselves as individuals.
D)all of the above.
133
Which of the following is true?
A)primates live in an ecologically complex environment, dolphins in a simple one.
B)primates possess communication and social skills, but dolphins do not.
C)both primates and dolphins form coalitions in hunting for food.
D)primates form coalitions to sexually coerce females, but dolphins do not.
134
Although deceit and deception have been commonly found among primates, they have never been shown to exist among dolphins.
A)True
B)False
135
As reported in "The Naked Truth," one of the most significant differences between the DNA of chimpanzees and humans lies in the genes that code for proteins that control properties of the
A)digestive system.
B)vocal chords.
C)joints.
D)skin.
136
According to Peter Wheeler, as cited in "The Naked Truth," hominids enhanced their eccrine sweating ability and lost their body hair when they
A)began incorporating more fruits and vegetables into their diet.
B)took to climbing trees at night to avoid predators.
C)had to range farther and wider for food.
D)started having to carry their newborn infants.
137
The optimal hair covering for hominids needing to keep the head cool is
A)long and straight.
B)tightly curled.
C)thickly matted.
D)thin and wispy.
138
As pointed out in the box "Of Lice and Men" within the article "The Naked Truth," body lice have existed since the beginning of modern man, but head lice evolved later.
A)True
B)False
139
As described in "Can White Men Jump?", today's Kenyan runners are not superhumans with super-genes, but rather they are participants in
A)good old-fashioned ambition for success.
B)a military-like regimen of training.
C)a culture of the extreme.
D)a revolution against nineteenth-century stereotypes.
140
According to "Can White Men Jump?", after the 2008 Summer Olympics, the immediate suspicion was that the Jamaicans who were so dominant in track and field succeeded because of
A)steroid use.
B)a protein produced by a special gene variant called ACTN3.
C)their high-protein, high-carb diet.
D)an intensive training program.
141
The authors of "Can White Men Jump?" note that when British runner Roger Bannister became the first human to run the four-minute mile, it was years before other runners achieved the same feat.
A)True
B)False
142
As mentioned in "Skin Deep," among primates only humans
A)care about skin color.
B)never change hair color.
C)have mostly naked skin that comes in different colors.
D)consider grooming important.
143
As suggested in "Skin Deep," the ability of skin color to adapt over long periods to the various environments to which humans have moved reflects
A)the importance of skin color to human survival.
B)racial harmony.
C)ethnic mobility and adaptability.
D)European genetic influence.
144
According to "Skin Deep," women in all human populations are
A)darker than men.
B)lighter than men.
C)overloaded with vitamin D.
D)use skin creams that cause folate deficiency.
145
Dark-skinned people who live in areas of relatively less sunlight are more likely than light-skinned people to experience
A)premature aging of the skin.
B)folate deficiency.
C)skin cancer.
D)vitamin D deficiency.
146
As reported in "Skin Deep," populations that live in the tropics receive enough ultraviolet light from the sun to synthesize vitamin D all year long.
A)True
B)False
147
The misunderstanding that race is a biological fact, as put forth in "How Real Is Race? Using Anthropology to Make Sense of Human Diversity," is reinforced in education when teachers are taught that they should understand
A)how issues of identity formation are made more difficult for students from mixed racial backgrounds.
B)the specific learning styles and behavior patterns of students of different races.
C)the teaching of evolution may be very difficult for some students to accept.
D)demographic trends based on race and social and economic positions.
148
The idea of race, as explained in "How Real Is Race? Using Anthropology to Make Sense of Human Diversity," emerged in Europe and coincided with
A)new ideas of democracy and equality.
B)advances in science and technology.
C)the unification of the European nations.
D)colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade.
149
Which of the following do the authors of "How Real Is Race?" claim to be true?
A)Although there were at one time distinct, archaic human subspecies, these have been blended in recent centuries by intermarriage.
B)There are definite scientifically valid biological groupings of humans, no matter what you call them.
C)The racial categories used by the U.S. Census Bureau have been arbitrary and subjective and have even changed over time.
D)Racial categories have helped physicians in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of medical diseases.
150
Which of the following is true?
A)While races are biological fictions, they are social realities.
B)Neither teachers nor anybody else can make people stop classifying by race.
C)The concept of "race as biology" is not dangerous because no one has a vested interest in holding onto racial cagetories.
D)Race is a useful predictor of such outcomes and behaviors as achievement in sports, music, school and employment.
151
During the late nineteenth century, as presented in "How Real Is Race? Using Anthropology to Make Sense of Human Diversity," physical evolution was seen as moving at a distinctly slower pace than cultural evolution.
A)True
B)False
152
The genetic variability found within each "racial" grouping is far greater than the genetic similarity.
A)True
B)False
153
As described in "The Tall and the Short of It," plasticity refers to the ability of an organism to
A)change its genetic destiny.
B)insulate itself from its environment.
C)manipulate its gene for growth.
D)adapt in response to changes in the environment.
154
As reported in "The Tall and the Short of It," studies on height reveal that
A)adult height is determined solely by genes.
B)changing the growth patterns within groups takes centuries.
C)improving the diet and health of Maya refugees led to their having taller children.
D)the Tutsis are taller on average than most Americans.
155
The tallest people in the world are the
A)Americans.
B)Dutch.
C)Watusi.
D)those who were born as low-birth-weight babies.
156
As explained in "The Tall and the Short of It," low-birth-weight babies tend to continue slow growth throughout childhood.
A)True
B)False
157
Which of the following can reveal the most about a murder weapon? The victim's
A)skin.
B)soft tissue.
C)bones.
D)sex.
158
According to Maples, the deadliest city in the most crime-riddenstate of the United States is
A)Miami.
B)New York.
C)Los Angeles.
D)Minneapolis.
159
The field of forensic anthropology is small because there is so little work needing to be done.
A)True
B)False
160
As postulated in "The Viral Superhighway," there were no epidemics for most of human history because
A)most pathogens had not yet evolved to be so virulent.
B)such diseases as there were responded well to herbal remedies.
C)groups of people were sparse and widely dispersed.
D)very few people traveled more than a mile from their birthplace during their whole lives.
161
As noted in "The Viral Superhighway," about a third of the population of medieval Europe was wiped out between 1347 and 1351 by bubonic plague, which is spread by
A)contaminated water.
B)fleas that live on rodents.
C)saliva or other bodily fluids.
D)mosquitoes.
162
According to "The Viral Superhighway," the suburbanization of the eastern United States has been a dominant factor in the emergence of
A)Lyme disease.
B)Rift Valley Fever.
C)new strains of tuberculosis.
D)dengue fever.
163
As defined in "The Viral Superhighway," what Egyptian demographer Abdel R. Omran called "epidemiological transition" refers to the shift from infectious diseases as major killers in modern industrial nations to death by the "diseases of civilization" such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis.
A)True
B)False
164
As stated in "The Viral Superhighway," death from infectious diseases has steadily decreased in the United States in recent years.
A)True
B)False
165
As revealed in "The Perfect Plague," the highest known epidemic death toll in history was caused by
A)bubonic plague in the 1340s.
B)typhus from 1501 to 1587.
C)cholera from 1852 to 1860.
D)influenza in 1918 and 1919.
166
As reported in "The Perfect Plague," the Ministry of Health in Venezuela looks for an early warning of a possible outbreak of yellow fever by monitoring
A)representative blood samples from citizens.
B)immigrants to the country.
C)mosquito populations.
D)unusual numbers of dead wild monkeys.
167
The big killer diseases in human history all come from microbes that evolved in association with humans, not other species.
A)True
B)False
168
As shown in "The Perfect Plague," the most notable source of disease in the tropics is mosquitoes.
A)True
B)False
169
The traditional diet of the Far North, along with exercise, provided a hedge against
A)Obesity.
B)type 2 diabetes.
C)heart disease.
D)all of the above.
170
As indicated in "The Inuit Paradox," no one, not even residents of the northernmost villages on Earth
A)eat an entirely traditional northern diet anymore.
B)care about proper nutrition.
C)listen to their cardiologists about nutrition.
D)emphasize diet their life plans.
171
As shown in "The Inuit Paradox," the Eskimo did well on
A)low protein and low fat diets.
B)high protein and high fat diets.
C)minimal carbohydrates.
D)d.excessive carbohydrates.
172
According to "The Inuit Paradox," wild animals that range freely have fat that is more healthful than that of domesticated animals.
A)True
B)False
173
As related in "The Inuit Paradox," the closer people live to towns and the more access they have to stores and cash-paying jobs, the more likely they are to have Westernized their eating.
A)True
B)False
174
As discussed in "Dr. Darwin," the goal of Darwinian medicine is to
A)find cures for genetically transmitted diseases.
B)apply the theory of natural selection for better a understanding of disease.
C)find genetically based killers for unwanted microbes.
D)extend the average life span.
175
As reported in "Dr. Darwin," scientists are applying the theory of natural selection to the study of illnesses in an attempt to
A)determine whether genetic manipulation can make humans immune to disease.
B)understand why humans are vulnerable to disease, why human bodies react as they do to illness, and to understand the microbes that cause disease.
C)engineer microbes that can thrive without endangering people.
D)accelerate the pace of human evolution to eliminate illness.
176
Which of the following may be perceived as a bodily defense mechanism, in the view of "Darwinian medicine?"
A)a moderate rise in body temperature during a bout with influenza.
B)diarrhea associated with cholera.
C)a woman's menstruation.
D)all of the above.
177
With which of the following would an adherent of Darwinian medicine most likely agree?
A)The organs and systems that make up human bodies result from the conversion from a hunter-gatherer to a market-based society.
B)The organs and systems that make up human bodies result from the evolutionary pursuit of perfection.
C)The organs and systems that make up human bodies result from compromises designed to obtain the greatest reproduction benefit at the lowest cost.
D)Humans are more adaptable than lower life forms with respect to adverse environmental conditions.
178
It is noted in "Dr. Darwin" that some symptoms of illness, such as diarrhea, may be either harmful or beneficial, depending on the disease a person has.
A)True
B)False
179
According to Margie Profet (in "Dr. Darwin"), the morning sickness experienced by pregnant women should be avoided at all costs because it is known to cause miscarriages and birth defects.
A)True
B)False
180
As described in "Curse and Blessing of the Ghetto," characteristics of Tay-Sachs disease include the fact that it
A)is easily treatable.
B)is programmed in the genes.
C)can be prevented.
D)only attacks female children.
181
The enzyme absent in Tay-Sachs children, according to "Curse and Blessing of the Ghetto," is coded for by a piece of
A)microbe.
B)lysosome.
C)DNA.
D)protein.
182
The theory favored by Jared Diamond to explain the frequency of Tay-Sachs has to do with
A)the conferring of immunity to tuberculosis.
B)an unusually high frequency of mutation.
C)migration into Eastern Europe from some other part of the world.
D)the founder effect and random genetic drift.
183
To get Tay-Sachs, as claimed in "Curse and Blessing of the Ghetto," a child may inherit a defective gene from just one parent.
A)True
B)False
184
One of the reasons that Tay-Sachs does not seem to be the result of a genetic accident such as the founder effect is that more than one mutation is involved.
A)True
B)False
185
According to Diamond, many of our common genetic diseases may persist because they bring both blessings and curses.
A)True
B)False
186
Hemochromatosis is a condition which
A)involves the human body absorbing insufficient iron.
B)involves the human body absorbing too much iron.
C)involves the right amount of iron for the human body, but it attacks the immune system.
D)occurs least commonly among peoples of Western European descent.
187
As presented in "Ironing It Out," hemochromatosis is
A)a viral infection.
B)present only in men.
C)a hereditary disease.
D)usually noticed before puberty.
188
Which of the following has to do with defense against disease?
A)blood-letting.
B)breast-feeding.
C)covering wounds with egg-white-soaked straw.
D)all of the above.
189
As outlined in "Ironing It Out," without enough iron, a person has all of the following symptoms except
A)a poorly functioning immune system.
B)feeling confused and/or dizzy.
C)feeling extremely fatigued.
D)the skin appears tanned.
190
As given in "Ironing It Out," iron is both essential to human life and attractive to nearly every biological threat to human life.
A)True
B)False
191
The macrophages that surround and try to subdue or destroy disease-causing microbes were the suppliers of iron to bubonic plague bacteria.
A)True
B)False





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